Physiology - metabolism, enzymes, energy (Lec4)
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Created by:
dakotadll on February 22, 2009
Subjects:
Classes:
CCRI Human Physiology 2013, Physiology CCRI (Knight)
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81 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 metabolism | The total energy released and consumed by a cell is called cell ___ |
| metabolism | Thousands of chemical reactions occur each instant throughout the body; this coordinated process of chemical change is termed ____ |
| molecules | Metabolism arises from interactions between ____. |
| energy, matter | An organism's metabolism transforms ____ and ____ subject to the laws of thermodynamics (answ alphabetically) |
| product, enzyme | A metabolic pathway has many steps. Begins with a specific molecule and ends with a __. Each are catalyzed by a specific __. |
| catalyst | A substance that modifies and increases the rate of reaction without being consumed in the process is called a _____ |
| consuming | The steps in a metablic pathway are either releasing or _____ energy |
| catalyzed | To modify, especially to increase, the rate of (a chemical reaction) by catalysts is called _____. |
| anabolic, catabolic | (metabolism) All reactions that involve energy transformations are divided into 2 categories: _____ and _____ (alaphabetically) |
| catabolic | A reaction that release's energy is called a _____ reaction. |
| releases | A catabolic reaction _____ energy. |
| ATP | A catabolic reaction serves as the primary source of energy for synthesis (= to put together) of ____. |
| anabolic | _____ requires input of energy. |
| input | Anabolic reaction requires ____ of energy |
| anabolism, catobolism | Two types of cellular reactions in metabolism are: __ and __ |
| catabolism | The energy releasing process in which a chemical or food is used (broken down) by decomposition, into smaller pieces (break down products) |
| anabolism | A portion of metabolism in which the cell consumes energy to produce larger molecules via smaller ones. (create needed products) |
| energy | _____ is the capacity to cause change. It exists in various forms, of which some can perform work |
| kinetic, potential | We can talk about energy in 2 ways: __ energy and __ energy |
| kinetic | The energy associated with motion is called ___ energy (released energy) |
| kinetic | Light (movement of photons), electricity, movement of large objects....these are examples of ____ energy. |
| potential | _____ energy is stored in the location of matter. (stored energy) |
| potential | _____ energy includes chemical energy stored in molecular structure (ie., electricity stored in a battery, chemical bonds) |
| thermodynamics | The study of energy transformation (energy moving around) is called __. |
| transferred, destroyed | First law of thermodynamics - energy can be ___ and transfomred, energy cannot be created or __. |
| thermodynamics | The chemical (potential) energy in food will be converted to the kinetic energy of the cheetah's movement. 1st law of ____ |
| 2nd | disorder is added to the cheetah's surroundings in the form of heat and the small molecules that are the by-products of metabolism. ___law of thermodynamics |
| reversible, energy | Most chemical reactions are ____ under the appropriate conditions of reactants, products, and __. |
| adding, removing | By ___ and ___ reactants and products, cells drive reversible reactions back and forth as required by the metabolic demands of the organism. |
| reactants, products | In chemical reactions, __ is what you start with and __ is what you end up with. |
| exergonic, output | _____ Reactions - reactants have more energy than do the products - net energy __ (overflow) |
| endergonic, input | _____ Reactions: products have more energy than the reactants - net energy __. |
| releasing | Exergonic Reaction = ____ energy |
| requiring | Endergonic Reaction = _____ energy |
| coupled | In a ____ reaction an exergonic reaction provides the energy needed to drive an endergonic reaction. |
| exergonic, endergonic | Living organisms constantly use the energy from ___ reactions (digestion of food) to drive ___ reactions (formation of large organic molecules, movement, etc...) |
| rate, products | The ___ of a chemical reaction is a measure of how fast it consumes reactants and generates __. |
| speed | Rate = ___ x Time. |
| concentration, temperature, activation energy | Rate (of a chemical reaction ) is dependent on: reactant and product __, __, and height of the reaction's __ __ barrier (like a speed bump) |
| activation | _____ energy: difference between the energy of the transition state and the energy of either the reactants or products. |
| metabolic | Most ___ reactions would occur too slowly to be compatible with life. |
| enzyme | A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction (acts as catalysts) is called an _____. |
| catalysts | ____ is a term describing substances that increase rates of chemical reactions. |
| bind, substrate | To catalyze a reaction, an enzyme molecule must first ____ to a reactant molecule (the ___) |
| substrates, binds, enzyme-substrate, products, enzyme | The enzyme must come into contact with reactants (which are called __). The substrate __ to the enzyme, forming an __-__ complex, which then breaks down to release __ and __. |
| two, product | In reality most enzymes act on ___ or more different substrates and generate more than one ____. |
| active site | The enzyme can only act on the substrate if it closely fits and binds to a particular site of the enzyme molecule called the ___ ___ (binding site) |
| activation energy barrier | Enzymes accelerate metabolic reactions by reducing the height of the ___ ___ ___. |
| rate | Enzymes cannot affect the direction of a reaction or amount of energy released or required ---- they only affect the ___. |
| catalytic, affinity, enzyme, substrate, temperature, pH | Reaction rates are dependant on: __ rate, ___ of the enzyme for the substrate, ___ concentration, ___ concentration, ___, and __. (slide #20) |
| ATP | ADP + P = ___ |
| ATP | What is the medium of energy exchange? |
| heat, work | When energy is released it's either released as heat, or can be sotred to do ____. |
| ATP | Cells harness energy released to synthesize ____ |
| ATP | Adenosine triphospate - the abbreviation is ____ |
| energy | ATP serves as an _____ store |
| ADP, P | ATP is synthesized from ____ and an inorganic ___ (P) |
| glucose oxidation | ____ ____ (and other energy releasing reactions) supplies the energy for making ATP and ultimately cellular energy. |
| glycolysis, kreb's cycle, oxidative phosphorylation | Three distinct stages of glucose oxidation: ____, ___ ___, and ___ ___. |
| glycolysis | Of the three distinct stages of glucose oxidation, which one takes place in cytosol? |
| krebs cycle | Of the three distinct stages of glucose oxidation, which one occurs in mitochondrial matrix? |
| oxidative phosphorylation | Of the three distinct stages of glucose oxidation, which one takes place within inner mitochondrial membrane? |
| glycolysis | Of the three distinct stages of glucose oxidation, which one = splitting of sugar? |
| oxidative phosphorylation | Of the three distinct stages of glucose oxidation, which stage is where ALL O2 consumption occurs in? |
| krebs cycle | Of the three distinct stages of glucose oxidation, which one accounts for 100% of CO2 released? |
| glycolysis | Of the three distinct stages of glucose oxidation, which one has no oxygen consumed and no carbon dioxide produced? |
| mitochondria | The electron transport system (ETS) is located in the cristae of _____. |
| protein, electrons | The electron transport system (ETS) is a series of __ carriers that pass ___ from one to the other. |
| ATP | In the ETS, a pair of electrons is passed from carrier to carrier, energy is released and is used to form ____ |
| water | At the end of the electron transport chain, "oxygen" receives the energy-spent electrons, resulting in the production of ____. |
| equilibrium | Cells in our body experience a constant flow of materials in and out, preventing metabolic pathways from reaching ___. |
| glycolysis | __ = splitting of sugar |
| pyruvate, 2, pyruvate, oxygen, carbon dioxide | Glycolysis provides the energy, ___, for the Kreb's Cycle. Each glucose molecule broken down into __ (#) __ molecules. No __ consumed and no __ __ produced |
| 2, 4, 2, glucose | Glycolysis - __ (#) ATP's consumed, __ (#) ATP's produced = net gain of __ ATP's for each molecule of glucose. |
| Kreb's cycle, 1 | Pyruvate is the energy source for the __ __. __ (#) pyruvate powers one cycle. |
| 1, 2, NADH, FADH2, 100, CO2, O2 | Kreb's Cycle - __ (#) ATP is generated directly with each cycle --> __ (#) ATP's per glucose molecule. In addition, 4 __ and 1 __ is produced. Krebs accounts for __% of __ released. No __ consumption yet. |
| NADH, FADH2, oxidative phosphorylation | The Kreb's Cycle produces 4 __ and 1 __ --> which powers __ __. |
| electron, electrons, electron transport, 34, O2 | Oxidative Phosphorylation - the NADH and FADH2 are like little __ donators. They release their __ to the __ __ chain. A total of __ (#) ATP's made for every gluose molecule. All __ consumption occurs here. |
| cristae of mitochondria, protein, electrons, NADH, FADH2 | The electron transport system is located in the __ of __. It is a series of __ carriers that pass __ from one to the other. Electrons are donated to the ETS by __ and __. |
| fermentation, fermentation, lactate | What happens when oxygen is not available? Cells turn to __. During __, pyruvate formed by glycolysis is reduced to __. |
| NADH, electrons, oxygen | The reduction of pyruvate to lactate regenerates NAD+ from __. The NAD+ is free to pick up more __ during early steps of glycolysis, this keeps glycolysis going for a little while in the absence of __. |
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