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Dodo large, flightless bird, native to Mauritius. Nested on the ground, humans brough dogs and pigs that ate all the _____ eggs, quickly became extinct Passenger Pigeon used to be most abundant bird in North American. once about 5 million, took us 50 years to kill them all Rachel Carson marine biologist, became environmental spokesperson later in life Silent Spring Rachel Carson's book on the results of chemical warfare on the environment simplification (of ecosystems) what humans do to ecosystems by destroying species, feedback loops, interactions between organisms; number of species is reduced, biodiversity reduced, simpler version of what we had before exotic species (know examples also) a species living outside its native distributional range, which has arrived there by human activity, either deliberate or accidental; i.e. zebra mussel, nutria, water hyacinth, brown tree snake land conversion Converting a forested area to another use such as agricultural land or urban area. habitat loss (destruction) process in which natural habitat is rendered functionally unable to support the species present, one of the greatest causes of species extinction fragmentation large areas of habitat are reduced to smaller patches, which are now isolated from one another by new and different habitats, like fields, roads, farms and citites. tiny islands of natural habitat surrounded by a hostile sea. one of the greatest causes of species extinction deforestation (tropic vs. termperate pattern) the temporary or permanent clearance of large expanses of forests for agriculture or other uses theory of island biogeography the equilibrium number of species on an island will be a balance between the opposing forces of immigration and extinction dispersal the movement of individuals among populations, from one region or country to another waif dispersal a factor on the rate of immigration; how a species immigrates by chance (squirrel on a log) rate of immigration depends on distance from island to mainland and dispersal ability of the colonizers rate of extinction rate that species go extinct on the island equilibrium number of speices balance between the rate of immigration and the rate of extinction Krakatoa small volcanic island in the Dutch East Indes, near Java and Sumatra, see notes neotropical migrant species that breeds in North America and spends the non-breeding season south of the Tropic of Cancer conservation biology became a science in 1980s, multidisciplinary science that focuses on the study of how humans impact organisms and on the development of ways to protect bioligical diversity game species any animal hunted for food or not normally domesticated non-game species type of wild animal that is not hunted resource management a purposeful activity with the goal to maintain and improve the state of an environmental resource affected by human activities consumptive use the use of a resource that reduces the supply (removing water from a source like a rive, lake or aquifer) without returning and equal amount non-consumptive use individuals may use (i.e. observe), yet not consume, certain living ocean resources, like whale watching or scuba diving biodiversity number of different species in a given area alpha diversity diversity of species in a local habitat type, ex: local wetland or forest beta diversity local biodiversity across several different types of habitats gamma diversity regional biodiverstity over a large area with many types of habitats species diversity total number of genes that are characteristic of a species or group of species species richness total number of species species evenness relative abundance of species across different habitats or regions species dominance which species are most abundant in a particular ecosystem ecological diversity number of trophic levels, number of available niches, complexity of food web