| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Population Growth | Because of the decline in death rates, the nineteenth century saw a dramatic ____________________ which was easy to discern because of censuses |
| The Great Hunger | The Irish population grew dramatically because of the potato, but between 1781 and 1845, a period known as ____________________, a fungus made the potatoes inedible and the population was decimated. Over 1 million died, and almost 2 million emigrated to the US and UK |
| Urbanization | In the first half of the 19th century, the rural masses sought a solution to their poverty by moving to towns and cities to find work |
| Urban Conditions | Many inhabitants in cities had to live in miserable _______________. Filled with garbage and human waste, cities often smelled terrible and were extremely unhealthy |
| Adulteration of Food | Alum being added to bread to whiten it which makes it more expensive; beer and milk being watered down; and red lead being substituted for pepper were all examples of the ___________________________. |
| Poor Law Commissions | the British group that produced detailed reports of the poor conditions |
| James Kay-Shuttleworth | One of the most eloquent British reformers of the 1830s and 1840s who described the masses as "volcanic elements, by whose explosive violence the structure of society may be destroyed". He discovered the cause of cholera and called upon municipal governments to fix it |
| Edwin Chadwick | With a background in law, he became obsessed with eliminating the poverty and squalor of the metropolitan areas. He became secretary of the Poor Law Commission adn wrote Report on the Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain. He also stated the the municipal governments had to step in and fix the cities problems |
| Public Health Act | In 1848, the _______________ created the National Board of Health empowered to form local boards that would establish modern sanitary systems |
| Cholera | Out breaks of ___________ had ravaged Europe in the early 1830s and late 1840s ans were especially rampant in the overcrowded cities |
| Industrial Middle Class | the Bourgeoisie, or the people people involved in commerce, industry, and banking as well as professionals (lawyers, teachers, physicians, and government officials) master craftspeople and shopkeepers |
| Business Aristocracy | the new generation of entrepreneurs that stemmed from the professionals and industrial middle class (the elite) |
| Working Class | agricultural laborers, industrial workers, domestic servants, artisans, or craftspeople |
| Industrial Working Conditions | Long hours with very short breaks, no security of employment, no minimum wage, horrible temperatures are all examples of the horrible _____________________ |
| Child Labor | _____________ was exploited this group of people had a delicate touch and were small and easily broken into factory work and were cheap |
| Factory Act of 1833 | _____________ made the number of employed children decrease but the number of women increased (because it was the first law to limit the hours that children could work) |
| Standard of Living | ______________ is measured by wages, prices, and consumption patterns. the liberal perspective used the ______________________ worsening for the poor as a defense of their argument |
| Combination Acts | the _________________ outlawed associations of workers (labor unions and strikes) and ordered the arrest of the leaders of any such groups |
| Robert Owen | He was a well known cotton magnate and social reformer who came to believe in the creation of voluntary associations that would demonstrate to others the benefits of cooperative rather than competitive living (Utopian Socialism!) |
| Grand National Trade Union | it was formed in February 1834 under Owen's direction. It was a national federation of trade unions |
| Luddites | skilled craftspeople in the Midlands and Northern England who, in 1812, attacked the machines that they felt threatened their livelihoods |
| Chartism | the "first important political movement of working men organized during the 19th century" which aimed to achieve political democracy (they called for universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, and pay for MPs) |
| William Wordsworth | a Romantic poet who decried the destruction of the natural world |
| Ten Hours Act | in 1846, it reduced the workday for children between 13 and 18 to 10 hours |
| Coal Mines Act | In 1842, it eliminated the employment of boys under 10 and women in mines |
| Charles Dickens | he was an author who criticized the over-exploitation of labor |
| Capital | the only resource that is not over-exploited |
| municipal governments | local governments |
| Social Mobility | the new Industrial Middle Class formed because of the _______________ of the 18th century |
| Proletariat | the new Industrial Middle Class is also known as the ________ |
| Mining Industry | the worst jobs could be found in the ______________ |
| Liberal | "the rich got richer and the poor got poorer" |
| Conservative | "the working class of Britain remained better off than that of Ireland and Eastern Europe" (it is not really a legit quote but Was put it in quotations so I thought I would just go with the flow) |
| Builds Character | The conservatives said that child labor was good because it ___________ |
| Prostitution | the hopeless lives of working men led to ___________, crime, and sexual immorality |
| Poor Laws | the ______________ forced the poor into "poor homes" (they basically imprisoned them) |
| Fecal Matter in the Water | Cholera was caused by_____________ |
| Carl Marx | Utopian Socialism was first called that by _________ |
| Competition | Robert Owen and Utopian Socialism identified the number one cause of injustice as _________________ |
| New Harmony, Indiana | where Owen tried to create a self-contained cooperative community but human nature brought this to an end |
| New Lanark, Scotland | where Owen was successful in transforming a squalid factory town into a flourishing, healthy community |
| Romanticism | the English cultural and intellectual movement that opposed the rapid industrialization |
Combine with other sets
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