AP World Chapter 10-12 Key Terms
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soccerchic286 on October 25, 2011
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92 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Middle Ages (also called "Medieval") | The period in western European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century. |
| Gothic | An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports. |
| Vikings | Seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America |
| Manorialism | System of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land |
| Serfs | Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system |
| Moldboard | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils. |
| Three-field system | 1/3 of the land left unplanted each year to increase fertility |
| Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496 |
| Carolingians | Royal house of the Franks from the 8th to the 10th centuries |
| Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 |
| Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established a large empire in France and Germany circa 800. (grandson of Charles Martel) |
| Holy Roman emperors | Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy. |
| Feudalism | Relationships among the military elite during the Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection to lesser lords in return for military service. |
| Vassals | Members of the military elite who received land from a lord in return for military service and loyalty. |
| Capetians | French dynasty ruling from the 10th century; developed a strong feudal monarchy. |
| William the Conqueror | Invaded England from Normandy (France) in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England. Impact of his invasion was the transformation of English language to one having a strong Latin base |
| Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; limited the power of English kings. |
| Parliaments | Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the feudal principle that a ruler should consult their vassals |
| Hundred Years War | Conflict between England and France (1337-1453). France wins; Joan of Arc a major figure in the victory |
| Pope Urban II | Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control |
| St. Clare of Assisi | 13th-century founder of a women's monastic order; represented a new spirit of purity and dedication to the Catholic church |
| Gregory VII | 11th-century pope who attempted to free the Catholic church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the practice of lay investiture of bishops. |
| Peter Abelard | Author of Yes and No; a university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine |
| St. Bernard of Clairvaux | Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities. |
| Thomas Aquinas | Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and the nature of God. (compare him to the Muslim al-Ghazali) |
| Scholasticism | Dominant medieval philosophical approach, so called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems. |
| Troubadours | Poets in 14th-century southern France; gave a new value to the emotion of love in the Western tradition |
| Hanseatic League | An organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance |
| Guilds | Associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship, discouraged innovations; often established franchise within cities. |
| Black Death | Plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure. (thought to have been Bubonic Plague) |
| Roman Catholic church | Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope |
| Pope | Meaning papa or father; bishop of Rome and head of Catholic church. |
| Franks | One of the principal tribes of the Germanic peoples; settled in area of France during the folk migrations of the 4th and 5th centuries |
| Benedict of Nursia | (480 - 550) Italian abbot who founded the monastery at Monte Cassino and the Benedictine order based on his teachings. |
| Three estates | The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders. |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | King ______ of Aragon and Queen ______ of Castile married in 1469 to bring the kingdoms of Spain together to complete the reconquest of Spain from the Muslims. |
| First Crusade | (1096 - 1099) Crusade called by Pope Urban II which captured Jerusalem. (only militarily successful Crusade) |
| Third Crusade | (1189 - 1192) Crusade led by King Richard the Lionhearted to recapture the city of Jerusalem from Islamic forces led by Saladin; failed in attempt |
| Fourth Crusade | (1202 - 1204) Crusade which by a strange series of events attacked and sacked Constantinople, causing damage to Byzantine Empire |
| Francis of Assisi | (1181 - 1226) Son of wealthy merchant; he renounced his wealth and chose a harsh life of poverty; later founded the Holy Order of _________ |
| Investiture | A formal conferring of power to clergy usually with robes or other Christian symbols. |
| Augustine of Hippo | (354 - 430) Bishop of Hippo who wrote Confessions and City of God, which formed the basis for the doctrine of man's salvation by divine grace for the church. |
| Roger Bacon | (1214 - 1292) English philosopher and scientist who withdrew from medieval scholasticism and focused on experimental science; influenced later thinkers of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution. |
| Geoffrey Chaucer | English author who wrote The Canterbury Tales, a literary masterpiece written in the vernacular in which pilgrims were going to worship at the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury. |
| Romanesque | Architectural style which was an adaptation of the Roman basilica and barrel arch form. |
| Beowulf | Anglo-Saxon epic poem dated to the 8th century which details Anglo-Saxon society through the adventures of the hero _______. |
| Romance of the Rose | Poem written by Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung during the 13th century; details the ideas of courtly love |
| Chivalry | Medieval code used by knights which included the ideals of courage, honor, and the protection of the weak |
| Indian | Misnomer created by Columbus when referring to indigenous American peoples; implies social and ethnic commonalty that did not exist among Native Americans; still used to describe Native Americans |
| Toltecs | Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Tula after migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice. |
| Aztecs | The Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that penetrated into the sedentary zone of the Mesoamerican plateau after the fall of the Toltecs; established empire after 1325 around shores of Lake Texcoco. |
| Tenochtitlan | Founded circa 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power. |
| Huitzilopochtli | Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god |
| Chinampas | Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rootedin lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture used by Aztecs. |
| Pochteca | Merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items. |
| Inca socialism | An interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole. |
| Inca | Group of clans (ayllu) centered at Cuzco; created an empire in the Andes during the 15thcentury; also title of the ruler |
| Split inheritance | Inca practice of ruler descent; all titles and political power went to the successor, but wealth and land remained in the hands of male descendants for support of dead Inca's mummy. |
| Temple of the Sun | Inca religious center at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas. |
| Tambos | Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages. |
| Mita | Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities wereexpected to contribute; an essential part of Inca control. |
| Quipu | System of knotted strings used by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records |
| Hernan Cortés | (1485 - 1547) Led expedition of 600 Spanish soldiers to coast of Mexico in1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan. |
| Anasazi | Native American culture which thrived in the Southwest from 200 to 1200 C.E.;known for cliff dwellings and maize growing |
| Hopewell | Native American culture which centered in the Ohio valley from 200 to 500 C.E.; known for earthen burial and defensive mounds |
| "Flowery death" | Death while taking prisoners for the sacrificial knife |
| Period of the Five Dynasties | Era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han. |
| Wendi | Member of prominent northern Chinese family during the Period of the Six Dynasties; with support from northern nomadic peoples established Sui dynasty in 589. |
| Yangdi | Second Sui ruler; restored Confucian examination system; constructed canal system; assassinated in 618 |
| Li Yuan | Duke of Tang; minister for Yangdi; took over empire after assassination of Yangdi; first Tang ruler |
| Ministry of Public Rites | Administered the examinations for state office during the Tang dynasty. |
| Jinshi | Title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office. |
| Chan Buddhism | Called Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular among the elite |
| Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism | Emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses. |
| Wuzong | Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism |
| Yang Guifei | Royal concubine of Tang emperor Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into administration led to revolt. |
| Khitan nomads | Founded Liao dynasty of Manchuria in 907; remained a threat to Song; very much influenced by Chinese culture. |
| Zhu Xi | Most prominent neo-Confucian scholar during the Song dynasty; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life |
| Southern Song | Smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history |
| Jurchens | Founders of Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced the Song to flee south. |
| Grand Canal | Canal system begun by Yangdi; joined the Yellow River region to the Yangzi basin. |
| Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula. |
| Flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency |
| Changan | Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million; larger than any contemporary world city. (modern day Xian—home of terra cotta warriors) |
| Huangzhou | Capital of later Song; location near East China Sea permitted international commerce; population of more than 1,500,000. (south of Shanghai) |
| Foot binding | Male-imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household |
| Bi Sheng | 11th-century artisan; devised technique of printing with movable type; made it possible for China to be the most literate civilization of its time. |
| Li Bo | Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world withphilosophical musings. |
| Empress Wu | (690 - 705 C.E.) Tang ruler who supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created. |
| Xuanzong | Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755, though he encouraged overexpansion. |
| Sinfication | Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam. |
| Neo-Confucians | Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era of China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences. |
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