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heart muscular cone-shaped organ the size of a fist, located behind the sternum (breast bone) and between the lungs. The pumping actions of this organ circulates blood throughout the body atrioventricular valves consist of the tricuspid and mitral valves, which lie between the right atrium and the right ventricle and the left atrium and left ventricle, respectively. Keeps the blood flowing in one direction semilunar valve consists of the pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and aorta respectively pericardium two-layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous and an internal serous layer. The serous layer secretes a fluid that facilitates movement of the heart. epicardium covers the heart myocardium middle, thick, muscular layer endocardium inner lining of the heart blood vessels tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body arteries blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. All arteries, with the exception of the pulmonary artery, carry oxygen and other nutrients from the heart to the body cells. The pulmonary artery, in contrast, carries carbon dioxide and other waste products from the heart to the lungs arterioles smallest arteries aorta largest artery in the body, originating at the left ventricle and descending through the thorax and abdomen veins blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. All veins, with the exception of the pulmonary veins, carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. venules smallest veins venae cavae largest veins in the body. The inferior vena cava carries blood to the heart from body parts below the diaphragm, and the superior vena cava returns the blood to the heart from the upper part of the body capillaries microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules. Materials are passed between blood and tissue through these walls. blood composed of plasma and formed elements, such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes plasma clear, straw-colored, liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended. Plasma is approximately 90% water and comprises approximately 55% of the total blood volume erythrocytes red blood cells that carry oxygen. Erythrocytes develop in bone marrow leukocytes white blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation. There are five types of white blood cells platelets one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process. Also known as thrombocytes serum clear, watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed cells formed elements of the blood lymph transparent, colorless, tissue fluid that, on entering the lymphatic system, is called this. It contains lymphocytes and monocytes and flows in a one-way direction to the heart. It is similar to blood plasma lymphatic vessels similar to veins, the vessels transport lymph from body tissues to the chest, where it enters the cardiovascular system. The vessels begin as capillaries spread throughout the body then merge into larger tubes that eventually become ducts in the chest. They provide a one-way flow for lymph gathered from the tissues to ducts in the chest, where lymph enters through veins into the circulatory system. lymph nodes small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue. They may be singular or grouped together along the path of the lymph vessels. The nodes filter lymph to keep substances such as bacteria and other foreign agents from entering the blood. They also produce lymphocytes. spleen located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm. In adulthood, the spleen is the largest lymphatic organ in the body. Blood, rather that lymph, flows through this organ. Blood is cleansed of microorganisms here. This organ stores blood and destroys worn out blood cells. thymus gland one of the primary lymphatic organs, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs. It plays an important role in the development of the body's immune system, particularly from infancy to puberty. Around puberty this structure atrophies so that most of it is connective tissue. angi/o vessel aort/o aorta arteri/o artery atri/o atrium cardi/o heart lymph/o lymph, lymph tissue lymphaden/o lymph node myel/o bone marrow phleb/o, ven/o vein plasm/o plasma splen/o spleen thym/o thymus gland valv/o, valvul/o valve ventricul/o ventricle ather/o yellowish, fatty plaque ech/o sound electr/o electricity, electrical activity isch/o deficiency, blockage therm/o heat thromb/o clot brady- slow -ac pertaining to -apheresis removal -graph instrument used to record -penia abnormal reduction in number -poiesis formation -sclerosis hardening angioma tumor composed of blood vessels angiostenosis narrowing of a blood vessel aortic stenosis narrowing, pertaining to the aorta arteriosclerosis hardening of the arteries artherosclerosis hardening of fatty plaque (deposited on the arterial wall) bradycardia condition of a slow heart cardiomegaly enlargement of the heart cardiomyopathy disease of the heart muscle endocarditis inflammation of the inner lining of the heart ischemia deficiency of blood (flow) myocarditis inflammation of the muscle of the heart pericarditis inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart phlebitis inflammation of a vein polyarteritis inflammation of many (sites in the) arteries tachycardia condition of a rapid heart thrombophlebitis inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot valvulitis inflammation of a valve hematoma tumor of blood multiple myeloma tumors of the bone marrow pancytopenia abnormal reduction of all (blood) cells thrombosis abnormal condition of a (blood) clot thrombus (blood) clot (attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein) lymphadenitis inflammation of the lymph nodes lymphadenopathy disease of the lymph nodes lymphoma tumor of lymphatic tissue (malignant) splenomegaly enlargement of the spleen thymoma tumor of the thymus gland acute coronary syndrome sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction aneurysm ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall angina pectoris chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle arrhythmia any disturbance of abnormality in the heart's normal rhythmic pattern atrial fibrillation a cardiac arrhythmia characterized by chaotic, rapid electrical impulses in the atria. The atria quiver instead of contracting, causing irregular ventricular response and the ejection of a reduced amount of blood. cardiac arrest sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation, which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation cardiac tamponade acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity coarctation of the aorta congenital cardiac condition characterized by a narrowing of the aorta congenital heart disease heart abnormality present at birth congestive heart failure inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen. Coronary artery disease is a common cause of heart failure. coronary heart disease a condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium, denying the myocardial tissue of sufficient oxygen and nutrients to function fully; most often caused by coronary atherosclerosis coronary occlusion obstruction of an artery of the heart, usually from atherosclerosis. Coronary occlusion can lead to acute myocardial infarction deep vein thrombosis condition of thrombus in a deep vein of the body. Most often occurs in the lower extremities. A clot can break off and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism hypertensive heart disease disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure intermittent claudication pain and discomfort in calf muscles while walking; a condition seen in peripheral arterial disease mitral valve stenosis a narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever myocardial infarction death of a portion of the myocardium caused by a lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply (also called a heart attack) peripheral arterial disease disease of the arteries in the arms and legs, resulting in narrowing of complete obstruction of the artery. This is caused most commonly by artherosclerosis, but occasionally by inflammatory diseases, emboli, or thrombus formation. The most common symptom of this disease is intermittent claudication. rheumatic heart disease damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever varicose veins distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities anemia reduction in the number of red blood cells. Anemia may be caused by blood loss or decrease in the production or increase in the destruction of red blood cells embolus blood clot or foreign material, such as air or fat, that enters the bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another point in the circulation hemophilia inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused b a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII leukemia malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal white blood cells formed in the bone marrow sepsis a condition in which pathogenic microorganisms, usually bacteria, enter the bloodstream, causing a systemic inflammatory response to the infection Hodgkin disease malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually beginning in the cervical nodes infectious mononucleosis an acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue, and fever. The disease affects mostly young people and is usually transmitted by saliva angioplasty surgical repair of a blood vessel atherectomy excision of fatty plaque endarterectomy excision within the artery pericardiocentesis surgical puncture to aspirate fluid form the sac surrounding the heart phlebectomy excision of a vein phlebotomy incision of a vein valvuloplasty surgical repair of a valve splenectomy excision of the spleen splenopexy surgical fixation of the spleen thymectomy excision of the thymus gland aneurysmectomy surgical excision of an aneurysm atrial fibrillation ablation a procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger atrial fibrillation are destroyed by using radiofrequency energy cardiac peacemaker battery-powered apparatus implanted under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart; used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm, usually one that is too slow, secondary to an abnormal sinus node coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries coronary stent a supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery; used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy; used to treat an artery occluded by plaque embolectomy surgical removal of an embolus or clot, usually with a balloon catheter, inflating the balloon beyond the clot, then pulling the balloon back to the incision and bringing the clot with it femoropopliteal bypass surgery to establish an alternate route from fermoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction implantable cardiac defibrillator a device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm. If life-threatening arrhythmias occur, the device delivers an electric shock to convert the arrhythmia back to a normal rhythm intracoronary thrombolytic therapy an injection of a medication either intravenously or intraarterially to dissolve blood clots in the coronary arteries percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty procedure in which a balloon is passed through a blood vessel into a coronary artery to the area where plaque is formed. Inflation of the balloon compresses the plaque against the vessel wall, which allows the blood to circulate more freely bone marrow aspiration a syringe is used to aspirate a sample of the liquid portion of the bone marrow, usually from the ilium, for study; used to diagnose, stage, and monitor disease and condition of the blood cells bone marrow biopsy a needle puncture to obtain a sample of bone marrow, usually from the ilium, for study; used to diagnose, stage, and monitor disease and condition of the blood cells bone marrow transplant infusion of healthy bone marrow cells from a donor with matching cells and tissue to a recipient angiography radiographic imaging of blood vessels angioscope instrument used for visual examination of a blood vessel angioscopy visual examination (of the lumen) of a blood vessel aortogram radiographic image of the aorta arteriogram radiographic image of an artery venogram radiographic image of a vein venography radiographic imaging of a vein echocardiogram record of the heart sound electrocardiogram record of the electrical activity of the heart electrocardiograph instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart electrocardiography process of recording the electrical activity of the heart digital subtraction angiography (DSA) a process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that "subtracts" or removes structures not being studied Doppler ultrasound a study that uses sound for the detection of blood flow within the vessels; used to assess intermittent claudication, deep vein thrombosis, and other blood flow abnormalities exercise stress test a study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill single-photon emission computed tomography a nuclear medicine scan that visualizes the heart from several different angles. A radioactive tracer substance such as sestamibi or thallium is injected intravenously. The SPECT tracer absorbed by the body tissues. It is used to assess damage to cardiac tissue thallium test a nuclear medicine test used to diagnose coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery. A radioactive isotope is injected into the body intravenously; a radiation detector is placed over the heart and images are recorded. transesophageal echocardiogram an ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus, which provides views of the heart structure cardiac catheterization an examination to determine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels. A catheter is passed into the heart through a blood vessel and is used to record pressures and inject a contrast medium, enabling the visualization of the coronary arteries, great vessels, and the heart chambers; used most frequently to evaluate chest pain and coronary artery disease impedence plethysmography measures venous flow of the extremities with a plethysmograph to detect clots by measuring changes in blood volume and resistance in the vein; used to detect deep vein thrombosis blood pressure pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls. A measurement is written as systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is commonly recorded as (systolic/diastolic) pulse the rhythmic expansion of an artery that can be felt with a finger. The pulse is most commonly felt over the radial artery; however, the pulsations can be felt over a number of sites, including the femoral and carotid arteries. sphyngomanometer device used for measuring blood pressure C-reactive protein a blood test to measure the amount of C-reactive protein in the blood, which, when elevated, indicates inflammation in the body. It is sometimes used in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease Creatine Phosphokinase a blood test used to measure the level of creatine phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis. The test is useful in evaluating patients with acute myocardial infarction homocysteine a blood test used to measure the amount of homocysteine in the blood. Homocysteine is an amino acid that, if elevated, may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease lipid profile a blood test used to measure the amount of lipids in a sample of blood, This test is used to evaluate the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and to monitor therapy of existing disease. Results provide levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, and triglycerides troponin a blood test that measures a heart muscle enzyme. This enzyme is released into the blood approximately 3 hours after necrosis of the heart muscle and may remain elevated from 7 to 10 days. The test is useful in the diagnosis of a myocardial infarction. coagulation time blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot. complete blood count and differential count basic blood screening that measures hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC number and morphology, leukocyte count, and WBC differential, and platelet count hematocrit a blood test to measure the volume of red blood cells. It is used in the diagnosis and evaluation of anemic patients hemoglobin blood test used to determine the concentration of oxygen-carrying components in red blood cells prothrombin time blood test used to determine certain coagulation activity defects and to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients taking Coumadin, an oral anticoagulant medication atrioventricular valve pertaining to the atrium and ventricle cardiac pertaining to the heart cardiogenic originating in the heart cardiologist physician who studies and treats diseases of the heart cardiology study of the heart hypothermia condition of body temperature that is below normal intravenous pertaining to within the vein phlebologist physician who studies and treats diseases of the vein phlebology study of veins hematologist physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood hermatology study of the blood hematopoiesis formation of blood hemolysis dissolution of blood hemostasis stoppage of bleeding myelopoiesis formation of bone marrow plasmapheresis removal of plasma thrombolysis dissolution of a clot cardiopulmonary resuscitation emergency procedure consisting of artificial ventilation and external cardiac massage defibrillation application of electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm diastole phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax between contractions extracorporeal occurring outside the body. During open-heart surgery extracorporeal circulation occurs when blood is diverted outside the body to a heart-lung machine extravasation escape of the blood from the blood vessel into the tissue fibrillation rapid, quivering, noncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles heart murmur a short-duration humming sound of cardiac or vascular origin hypercholesterolemia excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood; associated with heightened risk of cardiovascular disease hyperlipidemia excessive amount of fats hypertension blood pressure that is above normal hypertriglyceridemia excessive amounts of triglycerides in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease hypotension blood pressure that is below normal lipids fats and fatlike substances that serve as a source of fuel in the body and are an important constituent of cell structure lumen space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel occlude to close tightly, to block systole phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract vasoconstrictor agent or nerve that narrows the blood vessels vasodilators agent or nerve that enlarges the blood vessels venipuncture puncture of a vein to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an intravenous infusion anticoagulant agent that slows the blood clotting process blood dyscrasia abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood hemorrhage rapid loss of blood, as in bleeding allergen an environmental substance capable of producing an immediate hypersensitivity in the body. allergist a physician who studies and treats allergic conditions allergy hypersensitivity to a substance, resulting in an inflammatory immune response anaphylaxis an exaggerated, life-threatening reaction to a previously encountered antigen such as bee venom, peanuts, or latex antibody a substance produced by lymphocytes that inactivates or destroys antigens antigen a substance that triggers an immune response when introduced into the body autoimmune disease a disease caused by the body's inability to distinguish its own cells from foreign bodies, this producing antibodies that attack it's own tissues immune being resistant to specific invading pathogens immunodeficiency deficient immune response caused by the immune system dysfunction bought on by disease or immunosuppressive drug immunologist a physician who studies and treats immune system disorders immunology the branch of medicine dealing with immune system disorders phagocytosis a process in which some of the white blood cells destroy the invading microorganism and old cells vaccine a suspension of inactivated microorganisms administered by injection, mouth, or nasal spray to prevent infectious diseases by inducing immunity