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Atrocity Brutal war crime Kaiser Wilhelm Leader of Germany Triple Alliance Becomes the Central Powers (without Italy) Trench Warfare Defensive strategy associated with WW1 immobility Contraband War materials supplied by a neutral nation to a belligerent nation Battle of the Marne August 1914 when Paris was defended from German capture at the Marne River Alfred von Schlieffen German Chief of Staff and mastermind of Germany's military plan Gavrillo Princip Member of the "Black Hand" who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand Georges Clemenceau Premier of France David Lloyd George Prime Minister of Great Britain Woodrow Wilson President of the United States Attrition Slow wearing-down process in which each side tries to outlast the other Franz Ferdinand Archduke of Austria-Hungary; heir to the throne assassinated 1914 Propaganda Ideas, facts, or rumours spread deliberately to further one's cause or to damage an opposing cause Ultimatum Threat of harmful action made by one party to another if the other party rejects its proposals Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire Allied Powers Great Britain, France, Russia, and later the US Lusitania British ocean liner sunk by a German U-Boat in neutral waters with American passengers Zimmermann Telegram Stated that if Mexico supported Germany against the US then they could get land in New Mexico & Texas Treaty of Versailles Treaty signed on 28 June 1919; the peace settlement imposed on Germany after WORLD WAR I; drawn up at the Paris Peace Conference League of Nations Organization formed to promote international cooperation & maintain peace Total War Focusing all of a nation's resources on war Neutrality The policy of not taking sides in a war Entente A non-binding agreement to follow common policies Stalemate Point in a war where neither side could gain victory U-Boat German submarines that caused great damage to the Allied Powers Zeppelin Airship; Aerial warfare used by Germany to bomb England Reparation Payment for war damages Militarism Glorification of armed strength Armistice Agreement to stop fighting on 11 November 1918 at 11 am Lenin Leader of the Bolsheviks and Russian leader from 1917 Belligerent Warring nation Schlieffen Plan A strategy drawn up by Germany to avoid fighting a war on two fronts Isolationism America's first stance on WWI Nationalism Strong feelings for one's country Christmas Truce Unusual wartime ceasefire Eastern Front Name given to the fighting on the German-Russian, Austro-Russian and Austro-Romanian fronts. Triple Entente Russia, France, Great Britain Fourteen Points Woodrow Wilson's terms for ending the war Conscription Requiring people to serve in the military or other service Machine gun Mowed down waves of soldiers, making it difficult for enemies to advance across no man's land Mandate Territory being prepared for independence Militarism the policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war Armistace Day treaty ending the war signed 11/11/1918 Western Front Battle zone between Germany & the Allies on Belgian and French territory Convoy Organization of supply ships for protection blockade prevention of goods entering another country cavalry soldiers on horseback censorship limitation of information available to the general public dogfight battle between two enemy warcraft Hindenburg German Commander-in-chief infantry foot soldiers mobilisation armed forces move to gathering points reserves Army units held in the rear for reinforcement of frontline units envelopment An attack against the flanks of an enemy's army, in hopes of eventually encircling it Helmuth von Moltke Chief of German general staff in 1914 Battle of Mons A battle on August 23, 1914, that was one of the earliest battles on the western front Battle of the Marne A battle on September 5-9, 1914, in which French forces, following their retreat from Mons, stopped German forces on the banks of the Marne River and forced them back forty-five miles to the river Aisne Race to the sea Name given to the continuous series of flanking movement by Germans and British in October and November 1914 BEF British Expeditionary Force ammo shelf section dug out of the front of a trench wall for the placement of ammunition firestep Position in trench on which soldiers could step to fire out of the trench and into no-man's land barbed wire strong wire with barbs at regular intervals used to prevent passage of enemy infantry sump a hole or hollow area on the floor of a trench in which liquid waste collects dugout a troop shelter from artillery-fire formed by digging into the side of the trench duckboard wooden slats laid over muddy ground at the bottom of a trench parapet earthen fortification consisting of a low wall at the front of a trench trench system network of trenches consisting of multiple lines and traversing connections between the lines tank a large armored vehicle invented by the British designed to break through an enemy's trench system mustard gas a toxic war gas with sulfide based compounds that raises blisters and attacks the eyes and lungs chlorine gas Used by Germans at Ypres; destroys respiratory system, leading to slow death Zeppelin a large rigid dirigible, invented by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, designed to carry passengers, machine-guns or bombs and conduct aerial reconnaissance reconnaissance a survey made for military purposes; any kind of preliminary inspection or examination grenade a small explosive bomb thrown by hand bombing parties The British grenade bombing team usually consisting of nine men at a time sent out to bomb enemy trench positions mortar a muzzle-loading high-angle gun with a short barrel that fires shells at high elevations over a short range artillery weapons for discharging missiles; large caliber guns rifle a shoulder firearm with a long barrel and a rifled bore pistol a firearm that is held and fired with one hand sniper a soldier, armed with a rifle and usually well hidden, who shoots at exposed individuals of an enemy's forces flamethrower a weapon, either mounted or portable, that sprays ignited incendiary fuel for some distance bayonet a knife that can be fixed to the end of a rifle and used as a weapon barrage the heavy fire of artillery to saturate an area rather than hit a specific target shrapnel artillery shell containing lead pellets that explodes in flight box barrage artillery fire aimed around a target area to prevent the enemy command from sending in reinforcements creeping barrage artillery fire moving forward in stages just ahead of the advancing infantry trench foot Infection of the food caused by wet, cold, and unsanitary conditions Spanish flu Pandemic that spread around the world in 1918, killing more than 50 million people trench fever Medical condition marked by pain in muscles and joints and transmitted by lice shell shock Medical condition caused by prolonged exposure to the distressing experiences of trench warfare Wilfred Owen British poet and soldier. Author of 'Anthem for doomed youth' Erich Maria Remarque German WWI veteran and author of "All Quiet on the Western Front" written in 1929 Siegfried Sassoon British poet; wrote of the Somme offensive, "I am staring at a sunlit picture of Hell." Otto Dix German painter and printmaker, noted for his ruthless and harshly realistic depictions of Weimar society and the brutality of World War One February Revolution March 1917 revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government October Revolution The 1917 Bolshevik revolt and seizure of power in Russia German Revolution civil conflict in Germany in November 1918 which resulted in the collapse of the German empire and the establishment of the Weimar Republic desertion to leave one's military post, or to run away from battle, often punishable by death naval blockade a manuever by the British to set up minefields to block entry into or departure from the Baltic Sea and German ports uBoat a German submarine that was the first submarine employed in warfare, initially used during WW1 Papal note a call for peace issued by Pope Benedict XV in August 1917 suggesting a return to the status quo of 1914 Verdun February-July 1916; failed German attempt to reduce this French city surrounded by three rings of fortresses Somme July - December 1916; failed British offensive aiming to break German lines Passchendaele June-November 1917; failed British offensive aiming to secure Belgian ports Spring offensive March 1918; series of five German offensives leading to breakthrough before being halted before Rheims Allied counter-offensive August, 1918; Allied attack and breakthrough leading to German retreat to the Hindenburg line Hindenburg line Line of elaborate trench fortifications established by the Germans in WWI; near French/Belgian border War guilt Article 231, Treaty of Versailles placing sole responsibility on Germany for causing the war Anschluss unification of Austria and Germany specifically forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles cession Surrender of possessions or rights; Germany surrendered land and property under the Treaty of Versailles demilitarization a reduction in a country's ability to wage war, achieved by disbanding its armed forces and prohibiting it from acquiring weapons Rhineland Region between Germany and France demilitarized by Treaty of Versailles Saarland German region where coal mines ceded to France and territorial administration ceded to the League of Nations for 15 years under the Treaty of Versailles League of Nations A union of countries formed in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles to uphold peace, security and promote settlements by arbitration Reparations Commission body established by the Treaty of Versailles to assess reparations owed by Germany; reported in April 1924 Total War the complete mobilization of the resources and people of a nation affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields War Food Office German Government department responsible for regulating and rationing distribution of food for the war effort Supreme War Office German Government department responsible for controlling civilian labour, manufacturing and transport for the war effort rationing the distribution of goods and services based on criteria other than price directed labour the conscription of labour into activities deemed important for the war effort Patriotic Auxiliary Service Act 1916 German law allowing conscription of labour into war production hyperinflation severe and prolonged inflation that results in the value of money losing its acceptability as a medium of exchange war bonds certificates of debt issued by a government -- the government uses the money to pay for a war and pays the investor at a certain future date Balkans States in the Balkan Peninsula, including Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia salient (military) the part of the line of battle that projects closest to the enemy