AP Psych Chp.8- Language & thought
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 phonemes | smallest unit of sound |
| morphemes | smalles unit of language that has meaning |
| phrases & sentences | 2 or more words |
| semantics | meaning in language; meanings change over generations |
| syntax | rules of grammar |
| cooing & crying | 2 months; first vocalizations, whimpers, gurgles |
| babbling | 4-6 months; repetition of syllables; universal |
| one word stage | 12 months; one word can mean an entire phrase |
| underextension | uses words only in context; narrow set o objects; only see things in refeerence to themself |
| overextension | overuse of a word; wider set of objecs |
| two word stage (telegraphic speech) | 18-20 months; two word sentences |
| semantics & syntax | 2 years; increases rapidly |
| overregularization | 4-5 years; misuse of tense because they havn't acquired fine grammar skills by this age |
| Noam Chomsky (language theory) | we have an innate, built-in learning mechanism LAD |
| critical period | language must be aquired before a certain age to develop language fully |
| Skinner (language theory) | language is learned through conditioning; reinforce sounds/ words |
| criticism | can't learn an infinite numberof sentences |
| associative thinking | rapid, comes without thought |
| cognitive thinking | slower, need time to process & use knowledge |
| schemas | mental framework; prototype guidelines |
| inductive reasoning | drawing conclusions from specific to general |
| dedutive reasoning ( think detective) | drawing conclusions fro general to specific |
| trial & error | guessing at random |
| working backwards | starting at the end & going back to the beginning |
| algorithms | applying rules that guarantee a solution, sometimes can be trial & error |
| heuristics | rule of thumb strategies or shortcuts |
| matrix | chart that represents all possible combinations |
| incubation | putting problem aside for a period of time |
| insight | sudden realization of a solution |
| functonal fixedness | ex. using a stapler to hammer |
| fixation | inability to see from new perspective ex. teache silll uses gradebook instead of computer |
| mental set | tendency to persist with old patterns for problem solving ex. still use the same lockdown drills |
| conformation bias | tendency to confirm rather than refute; search for info that confirms our preconceptions; we listen to what we want to hear |
| divergent thinking | different correct answers to the same problem; higher level thinking |
| convergent thinking | one correct answer |
| availability heuristic | judging the probability of an event by how easily the examples come to mind; leads to bad decision making ex. murders in Houston, not allowed to go to Houston |
| representativeness heuristic | when the example you are judging matches your prototype; usually leads to good decision making |
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