AP U.S. History Vocabulary Ch.11-12
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KSENITEMENI on October 25, 2011
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Vocabulary.
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40 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Embargo Act | a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britain and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and seizing U.S. ship's and men. The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so Pres. Jefferson hoped to weaken Britain and France by stopping trade. ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It was repealed in 1809. helped to revive the Federalists. It caused New England's industry to grow. It eventually led to the War of 1812. |
| Louisiana Purchase | In 1803 Thomas Jefferson purchased 828,000 square miles of land for 15 million dollars from Napoleon the leader of France. The land mass stretched from the Gulf of Mexico all the to Rocky Mountains and Canada. The purchase of this land sprouted national pride and ensured expansion. |
| The Judiciary Act of 1801 (Midnight Judges) | was passed by the Federalist congress where the old capital was located. It was one of the last laws passed by the federalist congress. This law allowed the president, then President Adams, would stay up until midnight signing in new federal judges across the nation. It allowed the Federalists to still maintain power in the nation after they were a minority party in congress. This act brought bitterness between the two parties. These judges that were passed during the last day of President Adams |
| Orders in Council | a law passed by the English Parliament in 1793. It was when the British were fighting the French. The British closed off all port vessels that France went through so they couldn't get supplies. American ships were seized also and Americans were impressed into the British navy. This lead to the War of 1812. |
| The Chesapeake Incident | happened on June 22, 1807. The British seized four alleged deserters. This is the most famous example of impressment, in which the British seized American sailors and forced them to serve on British ships. Impressment was one of the major factors leading to the War of 1812. |
| Marbury VS. Madison | Sec. of State James Madison held up one of John Adams' "Midnight Judges" appointments. Fellow Hamiltonian and Chief Justice John Marshall dismissed the suit, avoiding a political showdown and magnifying the power of the Court. This case cleared up controversy over who had final say in interpreting the Constitution: the states did not, the Supreme Court did. This is judicial review. |
| Patronage (spoils system) | When an elected official fills appointed positions with friends that helped him/her get elected. Thomas Jefferson did not change many of the appointed positions in the government when he was elected in 1801. |
| Judicial Review | Until 1803, the case of Marbury vs. Madison took place this year, there was controversy over who had the final say in determining the meaning of the Constitution, whether loose or strict interpretation should be used and who would decide. Jefferson tried to give the rights to the states in the Kentucky resolutions, but his cousin, John Marshall of the Supreme Court, proposed this, which gave the Supreme Court the power to decide if a law is or is not constitutional. It was accepted as a result of the famous case of Marbury vs. Madison. |
| Impeachment | to accuse a public official of misconduct in office. The Jeffersonians were angry about a ruling made by Chief Justice John Marshall. The House of Representatives attempted to do this to the unpopular Supreme Court Justice, Samuel Chase. Although there were enough votes in the House of Representatives, the Senate did not have enough. Since this attempt in 1804, there has been no serious attempt to do this to members of the Supreme Court. |
| Impressment | the forcible enlistment of soldiers. This was a rude form of conscription that the British have employed for over four hundred years. At this time the London authorities claimed the right to do this to only British subjects on their own soil, harbor, or merchant ships. However, many Americans were mistaken for Englishmen and between 1808 and 1811 alone some six thousand United States citizens were impressed by the "piratical man-stealers" of England. This was one of the major causes of the war of 1812. |
| John Marshall | Appointed by John Adams (1801) as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court- was a Virginia Federalist who was disliked by the state's rights Jeffersonians. (Served 30 days under Federalist administration and 34 years under the Jeffersonians and their successors) The Federalists died out but he continued to hand down Federalist decisions. IMPORTANT ACT- Although he dismissed the Marbury suit (1801) to avoid direct political showdown, he said that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, on which Marbury tried to base his appeal was unconstitutional. |
| Aaron Burr | He was a running mate with Thomas Jefferson. They tied for the presidency. Jefferson won the run off. He killed Alexander Hamilton in a famous duel. He was tried and acquitted for treason involving a plan to separate the US and combine with Spain. |
| Samuel Chase | He was a strong supporter of the American Revolution, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, an ardent Federalist, and the only Supreme Court Justice ever to be impeached. A lawyer by profession, in 1796 he was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court by president Washington. This was after he served as Chief Justice of the General Court of Maryland in 1791. In 1804, for alleged prejudice against the Jeffersonians in treason and sedition trials. |
| James Monroe | He was sent to Paris in 1803 to buy New Orleans and as much land as possible to the east for a maximum of ten million dollars. He and Robert Livingston arranged the of all of Louisiana for fifteen million dollars. Monroe later became James Madison's Secretary of State. |
| Lewis and Clark | sent out to explore the recently purchased Louisiana Territory. Served as the artist and cartographer. Their exploring lasted from 1804-1806. They traveled up the Missouri River, through the Rockies, and to the mouth of the Columbia River. This exploration bolstered America's claim to western lands as well as opening the west to Indian trade and further exploration. |
| Thomas Jefferson | He was a Republican who believed that the future of the U.S. would lie in the hands of farmers. He was inaugurated to the presidency in the swampy village of Washington on March 4, 1801. While he was president, the Louisiana Purchase was made, Lewis and Clark were sent to explore the newly acquired land, the Barbary Pirate threat was silenced, and the Embargo Act was passed. While all of Jefferson's presidential acts were not always successful, he always put the country ahead of himself. His patriotism and loyalty to the U.S. |
| Era of Good Feelings | the years of Monroe's presidency, during 1817-1825 people had caused nationalistic pride after the Battle of New Orleans and second war for Independence with British, only one political party was present, on the surface everything looked fine, but underneath it all everything was troubled, conflict over slavery was appearing and sectionalism was inevitable, Missouri Compromise had a very dampening effect on this. |
| Fletcher v. Peck | a court case from 1810. The Georgia legislature, swayed by a bribe, gave 35 million acres of Mississippi land to private speculators. The next legislature cancelled the original ruling. Then the Supreme Court decided the grant was a contract and state law cannot impair contracts. This is one of the first court cases to illustrate the power of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws conflicting with the federal Constitution. Their decision protected the peoples' rights against popular pressures. |
| Monroe Doctrine | an expression of the post-1812 nationalism energizing the U.S. Proved to be the most famous of the long-lived offspring of that nationalism. Might have been called the Self-Defense Doctrine.Incorporated into President's annual message to Congress in 1823. Its two basic features were:(1) Non-Colonization (2) Non-Intervention. Colonization's era had ended and England and other foreign powers needed to keep their monarchial systems out of the U.S. Old World powers could not gain anymore settlements. The U.S. does not need help from other countries. Significance: Gave vent to patriotism, but deepened the illusion of isolationism. Many Americans falsely concluded that the Republic was isolated from the European dangers because it wanted to be. |
| McCulloch v.Maryland | Trial during chief Justice John Marshall's reign; involving the state of Maryland & their right to tax the federal bank--sets precedent for the "loose clause"--increased power of Fed, government. |
| Tariff of 1816 | caused by British cutting prices below cost in an effort to strangle the American war-baby factories in the cradle. Americans saw British seeking to crush Yankee factories. Nationalist Congress passed this- created taxes on imports to protect nation, while at the same time promote welfare. It was the first of its kind in American history with aims that were primarily protective to merchants. It was bold beginning to adequate safeguards. A strong protective trend was started that stimulated the appetites of the protected for more protection. |
| Gibbons v Ogden | This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights. |
| 2nd Bank of the United States | It was a federal establishment operated by the gov't as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819. |
| Nationalism | a popular sentiment that places the existence and well being of the nation highest in the scale of political loyalties. It's significance lies in it's role of supplying the ties that bond the nation. An important and impressive result of post Revolutionary and 1812 wars, it was growing rapidly and began to cause a national unity the United States had not seen until this point. Citizens began calling themselves Americans over citizens of their states. It helped further stabilize our newly formed nation on all accounts, including financially. |
| Protective Tariff | It was a tariff imposing 8% on the value of dutiable imports. It was passed by the first Congress. Revenue was the main goal. It was also designed to protect small industries just getting started. Hamilton wanted more protection for the well-to-do manufacturing groups. Congress still had agriculture and commercial interest dominating. This was part of Hamilton's economic plan to support the industrialists. |
| John Quincy Adams | was in power 1810-1825; he forcibly informed Spain of their violation of the Appoint-American Treaty of 1795. This led to the ceding of Florida to the U.S. He was also responsible for keeping the U.S. from signing the Canning Proposal, which would have hindered American expansion. He then drafted the Monroe Doctrine which established the U.S. as the protector of the Western Hemisphere. |
| Daniel Webster | was a war hawk in Congress in 1816 and was a strong spokesman for New England. He opposed the Tariff of 1816, because it was not in the interest of the shippers that were the majority and that he represented, but was in the interest of manufacturers. |
| Andrew Jackson | the hero of the Battle of New Orleans. In the eyes of many people he helped end the War of 1812. He also was a well known Indian fighter. He took military control of Spanish Fla. this encouraged the treaty with Spain 1819. |
| Hartford Convention | In 1814 a regional secret convention was held due to the Federalist discontent because of the lessened voting weight of New England in Congress and Electoral College due to adding states to the Union and also they were not happy with the War of 1812. They were meeting to discuss their minority status in the Union and some Federalist even suggested secession. These Federalists were seen as traitors by the public. Led to the downfall of their party. they met to secure assistance from Washington, due to the blockading British squadrons on the shores of New England. |
| Washington Irving | first American to win international recognition as an author, example of the post war nationalism from the revolution and war of 1812 |
| James Monroe | The President of the United States of America during the Era of Good Feeling. He delivered a speech to congress named after him The doctrines' two main points were; 1) There would be no colonization of the western hemisphere. 2) Nonintervention from the rest of the world in the western hemisphere. 2. Around 1824 3. He showed a strong since of nationalism, creating national pride. He also helped establish America as a world power. |
| James Fenimore Cooper | one of the nation's first writers of importance; attained recognition in the 1820's; changed the mood of national literature, started textbooks in America being written by Americans, two pieces of his literature include The Spy and The Last of The Mohicans, American themes-example of the nationalism after the Revolution and War of 1812. |
| Treaty of Ghent | It was an agreement signed by the Americans and the British that agreed to stop fighting which potentially led to the end of the War of 1812. It was signed before the Battle of New Orleans, but Americans did not learn of the treaty until after the victory at New Orleans. Americans assumed the "victory" for the war. The British signed quickly because they were more concerned with European affairs. |
| William H. Harrison | General-Indian fighter-president--hero of Battle of Tippecanoe and Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812--major asset to America by keeping Indians at bay, redcoats from massacre's, and gaining/clearing land in West |
| Francis Scott Key | Poet that wrote "The Star Spangled Banner" in 1814 during the War of 1812. Written while watching Americans defend Fort McHenry. The poem has become an important part of American identity. |
| Oliver Hazard Perry | American naval officer; managed a fleet on the shores of Lake Erie in 1813; captured a British fleet on Lake Erie, his victory slogan "We have met the enemy and they are ours" brought new life and inspiration to the American troops, he was a hero during the war. |
| Clay's American System | A plan proposed in 1824, to work on economic reform. Wanted to help stabilize the country and begin the pursuit for worked recognition. The plan called for a protective tariff to be put in place for the manufacturers, a new Federal Bank to be put in place, and to begin work on many internal improvements. |
| Fletcher VS. Peck | Overturned Georgia law that violated an individual's right to enter into a charter |
| Dartmouth College VS. Woodward | State of New Hampshire couldn't revoke the college's colonial charter because it was a contract |
| Missouri Compromise | measures passed by the U.S. Congress to end the first of a series of crises concerning the extension of slavery. Read more: Missouri Compromise — Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0833427.html#ixzz1bqzQ483h |
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