Cog Psych - Chapter 7
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Created by:
broconnell12 on October 26, 2011
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vocab
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30 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 encoding | the process of acquiring information and transferring it into LTM |
| Retrieval | the process of transferring information from LTM to working memory |
| rehearsal | repeating information over and over |
| maintenance rehearsal | repeating something over and over to help maintain it in STM/WM but is not effective in transferring the information to LTM |
| elaborative rehearsal | more effective at transferring info to LTM it occurs when you think about the meaning of an item or make connections between the item and something you know |
| levels of processing/levels of processing theory | memory depends on how information is encoded with deeper processing resulting in better encoding and retrieval than shallow processing |
| depth of processing | the difference in how a memory is processed to result in either shallow or deep processing |
| shallow processing | very little attention to meaning, more focus on physical features like font and lower or upper case |
| deep processing | close attention focusing on an item's meaning and relating it to other things the participant knows |
| paired associate learning | a list of word pairs is presented and later the first word is presented and the participant is asked to recall th second word from the pair |
| self-reference effect | memory is better if you are asked to relate a word to yourself, ex. does this word describe you? HAPPY, you say yes and you will then remember the word happy better |
| generation effect | generating material yourself, rather than passively receiving it enhances learning and retention |
| retrieval cue | a word or other stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in memory. |
| testing effect | enhanced performance in remembering material due to testing prior to the final recall |
| free recall | a participant is simply asked to recall stimuli |
| cued recall | participant is presented with retrieval cues to aid in recall of the previously experienced stimuli |
| Encoding Specificity | this principle states that we encode information along with its context such as where we are or what is happening around us |
| State-dependent learning | learning that is associated with a particular internal state such as mood or state of awareness |
| transfer-appropriate processing | this phenomenon shows that memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval |
| spacing effect | short study sessions with a break in between the sessions helps to learn material better |
| long term potentiation | enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation |
| medial temporal lobe | one of the brain structures that is used in memory, it contains many important parts of the brain like the hippocampus |
| remote memories | memories of events that occured a long time ago |
| graded amnesia | lossing recent memories with head trauma instead of older memories because the new memories are more fragile and the older memories have had time to consolidate |
| consolidation | the process that transforms new memories from a fragile state in which they can be disrupted to a more permanent state |
| synaptic consolidation | occurs at synapses and happens very rapidly |
| systems consolidation | involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a longer time scale |
| standard model of consolidation | Proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on the hippocampus |
| reactivation | a process during which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory |
| multiple trace hypothesis | the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of remote memories, especially episodic memories |
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