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Deviance behavior, belief, or condition that violates social norms Crime a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and other sanctions Social Control systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage conformity and discourage deviance Criminology systematic study of crime and criminal justice system Discretion criminal justice system has a lot of this. the use of personal judgement regarding whether to take action on a situation Punishment any action designed to deprive someone of things of value and liberty medicalization of deviance transformation of deviance into a medical problem that requires treatment by a physician deviance serves three important functions it clarifies rules, unites a group, and promotes social change functionalist perspective of deviance strain theory: people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to attain because they don't have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals Robert Merton 5 ways of goals/means conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion Conformity majority of citizens are this. shared society approved goals and means Innovation seek approved goals but their means are not approved and often illegal (thieves, homeless panhandling or collecting bottles) Ritualism means are socially acceptable. people do the same thing over and over, and don't have any sense of success or goals Retreatism do not approve of societal goals or means. trying to move away from society (mental illness, chemical dependence) Rebellion don't believe in goals or means are are seeking to replace them (Ku Klux Klan, Montana, Occupy Wall Street) can be negative or positive Conflict perspective of deviance people in positions of power maintain their advantage by using the law to protect their own interests Differential Association Theory If you spend time with deviance, you will fall into it. Differential reinforcement theory deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes Social Bonding Theory the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken parts of social bonding theory attachments to others, commitment to conformity, involvement in conventional activities, belief in the legitimacy of conventional values and norms labeling theory deviants are people who have been successfully labeled as such by others primary deviance the initial act of rule-breaking (labeled as a thief) secondary deviance when a person who has been labeled as deviant accepts that new identity and continues that behavior (caught again) tertiary deviance when a person who has been labeled as deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by re-labeling it as non-deviant (says nothing is wrong with it)