Exam 2
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Created by:
ljcourtier on October 26, 2011
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58 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Stratification | the existence of structured inequality |
| 3 main stratification systems | slave, caste, and class |
| how are class systems different than the other two? | more room to advance (more fluid) |
| social class | large group of people who occupy similar economic positions in society |
| 5 types of classes | upper, middle, lower, underclass |
| four indicators of stratification in class based stratification systems | income, wealth, education, occupation |
| US median household income in 2010 | 50 thousand |
| what percentage of total US household income is received by the top 20% of households? | 50.3 |
| sociology 101 students compares to US and WI as a whole how? | higher than the average income |
| main trend in income inequality in the US over the past 35 years? | it is increasing (less equality) |
| how does income inequality compare to wealth inequality? | income is simply just money you make each year, while wealth is your acquired assets and how valuable you are to society |
| current facts in the ratio of CEO to worker pay in the US | - make 30 times more than workers - their income is STILL growing |
| conflict theory's explanation of inequality | caused because of owning classes having more power, owners are hoarders, and winners justify this by ideologies |
| functionalist theory's explanation of inequality | - functional for society - rewards are given to motivate hard workers - the less replaceable you are, the more valuable you are |
| human capital theory's explanation of inequality | - people invest in their own future - the most successful people invested the most int heir human capital |
| mobility | the movement (up or down) from one part of a class to another |
| two types of mobility | intragenarational and intergenerational |
| 3 types of intergenerational mobility | inheritance, structural, and exchange |
| what does an inheritance graph look like? | all numbers are on the diagonal line |
| what does a structural graph look like? | all numbers on one side of the diagonal line |
| what does an exchange graph look like? | numbers all over the place |
| is intergenerational social mobility in the US increasing or declining in the last 30 years? | declining |
| how many generations does it take for a family in poverty to rise to the average level of household income? | a little over four generations |
| how does the US compare to other countries in terms of mobility? | the US is slower |
| what is "sex" | the biological difference between males and females |
| what is "gender" | the relational pattern shaping actions and beliefs, set by a society |
| what academic disciplines do we tend to associate with gender | sociology |
| what academic disciplines do we tend to associate with sex | biology |
| how does nature relate to sociology? | nature = sex |
| how does nurture relate to sociology? | nurture = gender |
| what does cross cultural evidence tell us about the "nature" of gender? | gender is culturally determined (varies across cultures) |
| facts of gender inequality | - women's % of men's earnings is rising - women make up 48% of workforce - women gained a lot of ground in male-dominate jobs - women are ahead of men in education |
| how are average male and female housework patterns different? | women do more of the "daily" work, while the men have more "flexible" work |
| how might income inequality affect income inequality between men and women? | women will always be the primary home-makers, while the men financially support the family more |
| how may social roles and socialization play a role in gender inequality? | kids are taught early on about income, occupations, education, politics, violence, sexuality, etc |
| 4 main explanations of gender inequality | human capital, functionalists, gender roles & socialization, and feminist |
| two types of feminism | - liberal (changes in a law) - radical (whole culture changes; change practices in the family) |
| glass ceiling | promotional barrier for women |
| glass elevator | pushing men toward promotions |
| race | physical characteristics of a person |
| ethnicity | cultural characteristics that separate groups |
| what does genetic research on race indicate about the biological basis of racial differences? | there are a lot of biological difference WITHIN a race, and not too much between races |
| what does "race is socially constructed" mean? | distinctions of different people are made BY the people |
| assimilation/melting pot | everyone becomes the same/blends together |
| pluralism/multiculturalism | not everyone is the same (there's room for diversity) |
| percentage of blacks in US | 64 |
| percentage of non-hispanic whites in US | 16 |
| percentage of hispanics/latinos in US | 12 |
| percentage of asian-americansin US | 5 |
| prejudice | preconceived views about another group (idea/belief) |
| discrimination | physical actions deriving from being prejudice |
| minority group | group that is disadvantaged compared to a dominant group |
| 3 reasons for why racism still persists in the US | - europeans exploited the people - opposition of white & black symbols - invention of "race" itself |
| 4 theoretical explanations for racial inequalities | human capital, Wilson, Lieberson, Massey&Denton |
| human capital theory | people "invest" in their own futures |
| Wilson's theory | the destruction of industry/factory jobs has created poverty |
| Lieberson's theory | visibility of non-whites and the number of non-whites |
| Massey&Denton's theory | the black ghettos segregated them from opportunities |
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