Cellular Reproduction:Mitosis and Meiosis
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JessikaZabala on October 26, 2011
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Lecture 5
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33 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Functions of cell division | -Transmit heredity information -gametes for sexual reproduction and daughter cells for asexual reproduction -Replace old or worn out somatic cells -Organism growth |
| Chromosomes | -DNA is packages into chromosomes -chromosomes are compacted DNA bound with histones -Number of chromosomes varies by species and somatic cells vs. gametes -Humans have 46 chromosomes in somatic cells (23 from each parent) |
| Homologous chromosomes | 1 from each parent contains corresponding genes in the same location -1-22 are autosomes and the 23rd pair is the sex chromosomes |
| Allele | gene from parent |
| Locus | location of gene |
| Centromere | holds daughter chromatids together attachment site during cell division |
| Telomeres | are protective caps of repeating base pairs |
| Chromosome duplication | -single chromatid replicates -replicated chromosomes are held together by centromere -sister chromatids will be separated into daughter cells |
| Cell Cycle | -Interphase=G1, DNA synthesis, G2 -Cell division is mitosis or meiosis |
| Interphase | Nucleus in tact DNA not organized cells are in interphase most of the time |
| G1 phase | cell growth cell differentiation depending on type of cell |
| S phase | DNA synthesis chromosomes replicated |
| G2 phase | preparation for division protein synthesis |
| Mitosis:Prophase | Duplicated chromosomes condense Spindle microtubules form Spindle poles form centrosomes (organelles of spindle attachment) |
| Mitosis:Late Prophase | -Nuclear envelope breaks down -Centrosomes migrate to spindle poles -Chromosomes become attached to spindle microtubules at their kinetochore |
| Mitosis:Metaphase | -Longest stage of mitosis -Chromosomes line up at poles -Kinetochore of each sister chromatid are attached to microtubules from opposite poles |
| Mitosis:Anaphase | shortest stage chromatids separate microtubules that are not attached to chromosomes lengthen -cell elongates cell now contains two sets of independent and identical chromosomes |
| Mitosis:Telephase | -Nuclear envelope reforms -Chromosomes become less condensed and defined -Cytokinesis occurs and cell is "pinched" in two -Both daughter cells now in interphase |
| Mitosis in plants | vesicles forms new cell wall at center from golgi |
| Binary fission | asexual reproduction in protists -includes mitosis -all chromosomes are passed form parent to offspring reproduction in prokaryotes -does not include mitosis -plasmid replicates and cell splits in two |
| sexual reproduction | Parents pass on half of their chromosomes to offspring increased genetic variation through -gene recombination -crossing over |
| Meiosis: Cell division for sexual reproduction | diploid parent cells are divided into haploid daughter cells during meiosis number of chromosomes is reduced ex. 2 chromosomes separate into two cells and then split into 4 cells |
| Meiosis 1: Prophase 1 | Duplicated chromosomes condense homologous chromosomes pair up and chiasmata occur as chromatids of homologous exchange parts by crossing over the nuclear envelope disintegrates and spindle microtubules form |
| Meiosis 1: Metaphase 1 | Paired homologous chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell one homologue of each pair faces each pole of the cell and attaches to the spindle microtubules via the kinetochore |
| Meiosis 1: Anaphase 1 | Homologues separate One member of each pair goes to each pole Sister chromatids do not separate |
| Meiosis 1: Telophase 1 | Spindle microtubules disappear 2 clusters of chromosomes have formed each containing one member of each pair of homologues the daughter nuclei are haploid cytokinesis occurs little or no interphase between meiosis 1 and 2 |
| Meiosis 2: Prophase 2 | Recondense chromosomes Spindle microtubules re-form and attach to the sister chromatids |
| Meiosis 2: Metaphase 2 | chromosomes line up along the equator with sister chromatids of each chromosome attached to kinetochore microtubules that lead to opposite poles -independent assortment happens here |
| Meiosis 2: Anaphase 2 | chromatids separate into independent daughter chromosomes one former chromatid moving toward each pole |
| Meiosis 2: Telophase 2 | chromosomes finish moving to opposite poles nuclear envelopes reform chromosomes decondense again |
| Four haploid cells | Cytokinesis results in 4 haploid cells each containing one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes |
| Independent assortment | chromosomes shuffled in random ways in daughter cells |
| Crossing Over | duplicated lined up homologous chromosomes stick together (chiasma) parts exchange |
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