| Term | Definition |
|---|
| VTA and nucleus accumbens | 2 MAJOR areas of the brain involved in reward? |
| enhance dopamine activity | Enjoyed behaviors and abused substances have what in common? |
| mesolimbic; VTA to NA; amygdala assesses the situation (pleasure or not, repeat or avoid), hippocampus records the memory, and prefrontal cortex determines what to do with this information (behavior of the individual) | ________ is key component of brain reward system. Neurons project from ______ to _____. Other involved areas? |
| Nucleus accumbens | What is the first part of the brain to be altered when using cocaine? |
| regain some function b/c tolerence develops | What happens to the brain after chronic cocaine use? |
| stimulates synthesis of proteins that are involved in TOLERANCE and dependence (like dynorphin, which goes to the VTA and increases the amount of drug required for reward) | CREB does what? |
| stimulates synthesis of proteins that sensitize the brain to the drug and provoke memories of past drug use. Represses dynorphin synthesis. | Delta FosB does what? |
| immediately, and increases very rapidly making tolerance an immediate reaction; decreases quickly after the drug is stopped. | When does CREB work? when does it decrease? |
| more slowly, so the craving comes later. Stays up after the drug is stopped for a long time so you keep on craving the drug. | When does Delta FosB work? |
| induces VTA to rls dopamine into NA. | Nicotine does what in the brain? |
| Significantly decreased dopamine transporters; slower motor actions and memory impairment | What happens to dopamine in Meth users? Causes what? |
| Incresed Adenyl Cyclase and PKA which turn on proteins creb, fos, lun | Biochemical changes in addicted person? |
| stress - inc CRF - inc anxiety - drug use - decresed CRF - decreased anxiety | Role of stress in drug use? |
| amygdala | When a drug user remembers drugs what part of the brain lights up? |
| amphetamine | Which drug has the greatest effect on NA? |
| no longer listen to motivation/drives. | Prefrontal cortex shuts down causing what? |
| 100 days of drug use; they remember how it makes them feel, even though it's not actually rewarding any more | When does the amygdala shut down? Why does the person keep doing the drug? |
| dopamine deficits/funcitonal eficits | What can/can't you recover? |
| subordinate. | ______ more likely to become addicted because fewer dopamine receptors and less reward initially. |
| ATYPICAL anti-psychotics (typical only good at treating positive symptoms like hallucinations but atypical also treats negaive symptosm like social withdrawl) | What type of drug should be used to treat psychosis in addicted individual? |
| Craving | _____ is still present after long-term absinence. |
| administering drugs - antidepressants for depression, ritalin for ADHD, and sedatives for anxiety. | Treatment of addiction: alleviate underlying psych. disorder by? |
| keep brain away from drugs, motivation and family therapies | Why is it important to recover function via frontal and orbitofrontal cortices? |
| blocks opioid receptors | Naloxone does what? |
| environmental complexity | Hippocampus also shuts down after 100 days. _____ causes increased neurogenesis here. |
| increases DA neurotransmisssion | Acute drug administration does what to DA? |
| marked decrease in DA activity and deregulation of frontal brain | Chronic drug administration does what to DA? |
| unpleasant; pleasurabe. | PPl with increased # of DA d2 receptors felt that methylphenidate is _________. ppl with reduced receptors felt it was_________. |
| alcohol consumption; social hierarchy and stress (subordinate will have fewer DA receptors and therefore more likely to be addicted because doesn't get the same pleasrue from the drugs as others do.) Suboridnate is more likely toself-administer drugs. | Decreased Dopamine D2 receptors = higher risk for __________. These levels are influenced by? |
| reward; memory | ________ goes away fast; ________ sticks around makes you wanna do it again! |
| motivation and memory/learning; orbiotfrontal cortex and amygdala/hippocampus | ______ and _____ come back after recovery. Where in brain? |
| Reward (NA and VTA) and Control (Prefrontal cortex and Anterior cingulate gyrus) | _______ and _____ are hard to get back after recovery. |
| decrease reward of drugs and pleasure from the experience | Approach to reward circuit treatment is what? |
| reduces reward of drugs; partial agonist - binds Mu receptor with higher affinity than other opioids; T 1/2 is 37 hours, important because half-life of heroin is 1 millisecond | Buprenorphine: action? MOA? T 1/2? Important because? |
| decreases alcohol-induced pleasure | Disulfuram - does what? |
| decreases craving for alcohol | Naltrexone - does what? |
| alter perception of addiction and enhance compliance. | Psychoeducation = ? alter ____ and enhance ____. |
| orbitofrontal cortex; integrates external and internal environment | Where is the motivation/drive circuit? Does what? |
| positiive connection to others increases the value of non-drug reinforcement; orbitofrontal cortex | Approach to tx motivation/drive circuit? Important where? |
| see mental state of others and learn; feeling; thinking | Mirror neurons do what? more involved in _______ than _____. |
| guilt, shame, pride, embarrasment, disgust and lust; during recovery | Feelings in insula? Try to trigger these when? |
| amygdala and hippocampus; seeing people/places/things bring back the desire to use drugs. | Memory and learning where? impt. with drugs b/c? |
| prefrontal circuit and ACG; removes self-directed behavior and favors sensory-driven behavior. | Control circuit where? Drugs cause disruption if this area which causes what? |
| activate opioid receptors | Methadone, LAAM and Buprenorphine - MOA? |
| blocks opioid receptors | Naloxone: MOA? |
| activates nicotinic receptors | Nicitine patch: MOA? |
Combine with other sets
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