| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Crusades | Introduced Europeans in the Middle Ages to spices and luxuries from the Middle East |
| Renaissance | Period of rebirth in Europe during which technology, science, art, and literature flourished |
| Compass | tool used by navigators to find direction |
| Northwest Passage | route through N. America sought by European nations such as England and France |
| Christopher Columbus | "Discovered" America, established Spanish settlement on Hispaniola, ordered mistreatment and enslavement of Tainos |
| Bartolome de las Casas | Spanish missionary (priest) who was an "upstander" for the Tainos. Published several books on the mistreatment of the Indians. |
| Hernando Cortes | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs in Mexico |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in Peru |
| Ferdinand Magellan | First explorer to see circumnavigate the world |
| Jacques Cartier | French explorer who discovered the St. Lawrence river in Canada while looking for the Northwest Passage |
| Giovanni da Verazzano | Landed in North Carolina while searching for the Northwest Passage for France. |
| John Cabot | English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage |
| King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella | King and Queen of Spain who sponsored Columbus' journey to New World |
| Catholic vs. Protestant | religious rivalry that further divided European nations after the Protestant Reformation |
| Small pox | Disease spread by Europeans in the Americas. Led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans in North and South America |
| Plantation | a large estate farmed by many workers |
| Columbian Exchange | exchange of food, animals and diseases resulting from the encounter between Europe and the Americas |
| 1492 | Year Columbus set sail for the New World |
| Dangers Facing Slaves on Sugar Plantations | Burns from boiling juices, cane press injuries, long hours in hot sun |
| West Africa | Coast of Africa that became center of European slave trade |
| Race for Empire | Competition between England, France, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands to build an Empire and control trade in the New World |
| Age of Imperialism | Rush for empire building that resulted in Europe carving up the Americas into colonial settlements and dominating Native Americans |
| Impact of Columbian Exchange | Spread of Christianity affected belief systems, guns used for hunting and subdued native people, tools transformed farming, plant exchanged transformed diets, deadly diseases introduced |
| Peter Minuit | Purchased Manhattan for the Dutch |
| Henry Hudson | English Explorer who discovered Hudson river for Dutch |
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