| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Genetics | Study of heredity |
| Haploid | half the normal number of chromosomes |
| Mutation | a change in a gene, can be good or bad |
| Genotype | genetic makeup |
| Phenotype | appearance |
| Wild Type | organism as it normally occures in nature |
| Point Mutation | a base substitution in the DNA |
| Missense Mutation | causes an amino acid change |
| frameshift Mutation | disruption of the entire code due to addition or deletion of a base |
| Mutagens | substances that cause mutations |
| Nitrous Acid | Changes "A" so that it can no longer bind to "T" and DNA gets disrupted |
| Benzpyrene and Afflatoxin | causes frameshifts |
| Carcinogens | substances that cause cancer |
| Carcinogen Testing | On Animals, Ames test |
| Ames Test | a chemical is placed onto bacteria, then examined for mutations |
| Light Repair of Damaged DNA | An enzyme uses visible light for energy to repair any "T" that joined side to side |
| Excision Repair of damaged DNA | An enzyme cuts out a damaged section while a different enzyme reproduces another piece in its place |
| SOS repair of damaged DNA | Massive damage to DNA, causes a special enzyme to be made that bypasses all replication rules and makes any kind of new DNA |
| Auxotroph | mutant that needs a requirement that its parents didn't |
| Recombination | exchange b/w two pieces of DNA |
| Transformation | absorbing loose DNA into the cell |
| Plasmids | small circular pieces of DNA and contains genes that provide some benefit thats not neccessary for basic survival |
| Conjugation | transfer of DNA from one cell to another pili |
| Bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria |
| Transduction | the transfer of DNA through a virus |
| Transposons | pieces of DNA that can move from one chromosome to another |
| Genetic Engineering | artificial gene menipulation |
| Biotechnology | the use of microbiological and biochemical techniques to make useful products |
| Restricition Enzyme | cut DNA at certain sequences |
| DNA Cloning | putting a peice of DNA into a cell and allowing the cell to replicate |
| Vector | a carrier; usually a plasmoid or virus |
| Dissimilation | has genes for bacteriocins which are bacteria toxins |
| Resistances | has genes that help against harmful substances |
| conjugative | has genes for causing transfer b/w two microbes |
| Types of Plasmoids | Dissimilation, Resistances, Conjugative |
| Genetically Engineered Products | Hormones, Enzymes, Vaccines, Sturdier Plants, Brighter Colors, Snimax |
| Exons | expressed sections of DNA |
| Introns | interupting section of gene |
| Reverse Transcriptase | an enzyme that makes a piece of DNA from mRNA |
| cDNA | a new DNA molecule that was made from mRNA |
| Probes | pieces of DNA or RNA that have been labeled with a dye or radioactive material |
| Denatured DNA | DNA molecule that has been separated |
| Hybridized DNA | pieces of DNA from different sources that have joined together |
| Gel Electrophoresis | a substance is soaked into a gel and then electrical current is applied to the gel causing the substance to move through the gel |
| Southern Blot | DNA is broken into pieces then put through gel electrophoresis, then gel is place onto filter paper so that the material soak up the gel |
| PCR | process of rapidly copying DNA by heating it until it separates. Then using an enzyme from a thremophile |
| Taxonomy | the science of classification |
| Classification of Living things | Kingdom, Phylum,Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Binomial Nomenclature | two name system that assigns a genus and species name, so that no two organisms have the same name first is capitolized and second is not; both either underlined or italicized |
| Strain | a subgroup of a species |
| How to Classify Bacteria | Morphology, Straining, Biochemistry, Serology(antibody test), Phage typing |
| Archaebacteria | they don't have any peptidoglycan; they live in extreme environments and have unusual metabolism |
| Three Types of Archaebacteria | Methogens, Halophiles, Thermoacidophiles |
| Methogens | anaerobes that produce methane from carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen; found in sewage, intestines, and swamps. Gives it rotten egg smell |
| Halophiles | require high amounts of salt; live in salt flats, volcanic craters and the Dead Sea |
| Thermoacidophiles | grow in hot, acidic environments, active volcano, hot springs, hydrothermal vents |
| Spirochetes | contain axiofilaments so they can move; found in soil, contaminated water and human bodies. Cause Syphilis and Lime Disease |
| Spirillum Volutans | lives in ponds and lakes |
| Trychonympha | found in termites; they cant eat wood w/o this microbe |
| Pseudomonas | Rods that have pigments and flourescents. They infect burns, wounds and urinary tracts |
| Legionella | rods that cause pneumonia; can live in water cooling systems |
| Neisseria | diplococcus that likes mucus membranes, causes Gonnorhea and meningitis |
| Brucella | a coccobacillus; round or rod, can survive phagocytosis, it is a zonnosis( animal infection that can be transmitted to humans), Invades the liver, spleen, and placenta, causes cell nacrosis(cell death) |
| Two motile-Gram Negative Curves | Spirillum Volutans and Trychonympha |
| Bordetella | nonmobile rod, causing whooping cough |
| Rhizobium | Rod, found in nodules on roots in plants fixes nitrogen in the air |
| Acetobacter | Rod used to convert alcohol into vinegar |
| Gram Negative Rods | Enterobacters, Vibrio, Pasturella, Hemophilus, Gardnerella |
| Enterobacters | found in the digestive tract; ferment sugars and produce bacteriocins |
| Types of Enterobacters | Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Serratia, Proteus, Yersinia, Erwinia |
| Escherichia | most common microbe in the intestine; not usually pathogenic |
| Salmonella | causes food poisoning and typhoid fever |
| Shigella | causes dysentary(severe diarrhea) |
| Klebsiella | causes septicemia or pneumonia in children or in the compromised |
| Serratia | causes respiratory, urinary and nasocomial infection( acquired in the hospital) |
| Proteus | cause urinary and wound infections and infant diarrhea |
| Yersinia | causes the plague (rod) |
| Erwinia | causes plant rot |
| Vibrio | curved like a comma, with one flagellum; causes cholera |
| Pasturella | causes septicemia and pneumonia |
| Hemophilus | requires blood; can be carried in the nose or throat, can cause earaches, bronchitis, and meningitis |
| Gardnerella | pleomorphic(many shapes), most common, causes vaginitis |
| Gram Negative Anaerobic Rods | Bacteroides and Fusobacterium |
| Bacteriodes | found in the mouth and the intestines, causes post- surgical puncture or wound infections |
| Fusobacterium | has pointed ends and causes dental abcesses |
| Sulfur Bacteria | produce hydrogen sulfide; found in mud and intestines |
| Rickettias | Gram Negative, non-motilerods; transmitted by ticks or other insects; causes typhus and rocky mountain spotted fever |
| Chlamydias | very tiny Gram Negative coccoid bacteria; transmitted by contact and air cause blindness and VD |
| Staphylococcus | round cells in clusters, found in nose and skin, causes food poisoning and flesh eating disease, develops resistance quickly |
| Streptococcus | round cells in chains; sours dairy food, causes scarlet fever, strept throat and pnuemonia. Capable of Alpha Beta hemolysis |
| Alpha | partial breakdown of RBCs |
| Beta | total breakdown of RBCs |
| Bacillus | causes anthrax, infects insects and produce toxic crystals that paralyze insects gut |
| Clostridium | obligate anaerobe, causes tetanus, botulism, gangreen and diarrhea |
| Lactobacillus | found in the mouth, intestines and vagina. Used to make yogurt, buttermilk, and pickles |
| Listeria | found in dairy foods; can survive refridgeration. Causes birth defects and abortions |
| Corynebacterium | club shaped, causes diptheria |
| Propionibacterium | causes acne |
| Gram Positive Cocci | Staphyloccocus and Streptococcus |
| Gram Positive Spore Forming Bacteria | Bacillus and Clostridium |
| Nonspore Forming Gram + Rods | Lactobacillus and Listeria |
| Irregular Gram - Rods | Corynebacterium and Propionibacteria |
| Mycobacteria | acid fast rods; causes Tb and Leprosy |
| Appendaged Bacteria | main type coulobacter; has a stalke for anchoring to the environment; when it divides half keeps the stalk and the other half develops a flagellum to swim away |
| Gliding Bacteria | have a lot of slime layer to glide over surfaces |
| Sheathed Bacteria | form a hollow filament to to live inside |
| Phototrophic Bacteria | uses light as an energy source. Ex Purple green and blue green bacteria found in wet area: cynanobacteria- has gas vacuoles |
| Actinomycetes | filaments bacterium found in the soil. Ex. Streptomyces |
| Streptomyces | gives soil its musty odor; produces many prescription antibiotics |
| Mycology | study of fungi |
| Vegetative Structures | main body parts |
| Spores | the reproductive structures |
| Hyphae | tiny filaments that form the body part of a fungus |
| Mycellium | the visible structure |
| Yeasts | one- celled fungi; reproduce by budding, can use oxygen in both aerobicrespiration and fermentation |
| Dimorphism | two forms of growth |
| Asexual Spores | Formed from one parent- Arthrospore, Chlamydospore, Sporangiospore, Conidiospore, Blastospore |
| Arthrospore | a fragment of a hyphae |
| Chlamydospore | thick wall capsule within a hyphae |
| Sporangiospore | formed within a sack |
| Conidiospore | single or multicelled pieces attached to a stac |
| Blastosphere | a bud from the parent |
| Sexual Spores | Made by the fusion of two nuclei- Zygospore, Ascospore, Basidiospore |
| Zygospore | large capsule with a thick wall |
| Ascospore | Nuclei in a sack |
| Basidiospore | a bud that hangs from a base |
| Fungi | They can live in an acidic environment, low moisture, they can degrade wood, can live with high osmotic pressure |
| Deuteromycota | do not produce sexual spores |
| Zygomycota | they congugate to produce spores. ex. Rhizopus |
| Ascomyocota | produce tiny dustlike spores Penicillium and aspergillus |
| Basidiomycota | produce spores that hang from a base |
| Mycosis | a fungal infection |
| Types of Mycosis | Systemic, Subcutaneous, Cutaneous, Superficial |
| Systemic | throughout the body or in deep organs |
| subcutaneous | beneath the skin |
| Cutaneous | in the epidermis, hair or nails |
| Superficial | on the surface of the shin |
| Planktonic Algae | free swimming microscopic plants |
| Dinoflagellates | single celled algae with cilica shells and flagella- many produce neurotoxins and cause red tides |
| Euglenoids | single celled algae with a flagellum- they can eat like a animal |
| Diatoms | single celled algae with complex cell walls in many geometric shapes |
| Brown algae | multicelled plants that live in the water, they contain Algin- we use it as a thickener. ex. Kelp |
| Red Algae | multicelled plants that live deeper in the ocean, used to make agar |
| Green Algae | Single or multicelled plants that grow near the surface of the water |
| Thallus | main body of a multicelled algae |
| Hold Fast | anchor |
| Stipe | the stalk or stem |
| Blades | leaves of the algae |
| Blooms | periodic increases in planktonic algae |
| Lichens | a fungus plus a green algae living together |
| Mutualism | a relationship in which both benefit |
| Crustose | grows flat and hard on the surface |
| Foliose | grows in a leaflike pattern |
| Fruticose | grows in a fingerlike or stringy pattern |
| Slime Molds | organism that are fungallike and animale like; live on the soil or decaying wood or leaves; individual cells will join in bad conditions and forms a slimey slug that moves |
| Plasmodium | large massof cytoplasm with many nuclei; moves like a giant aomeba |
| Protozoans | single celled animals, most live in water |
| types of Protozoans | Sarcodina, Mastigophera, Ciliata, Sporozoa |
| Sarcodina | aomebas; move by using Pseudopods |
| Type of Sarcodina | Entamoeba Histolytica |
| Entamoeba Histolytica | eats RBCs and causes dysentary |
| Mastigophera | move with flagella |
| Type of Mastigophera | Giardia Lamblia, Trichomonas, Trypansoma |
| Giardia Lamblia | infects intestines and liver produces a lot of pain |
| Trichomonas | causes sexual and urinary infections |
| Trypanosoma | causes African Sleeping sickness; transmitted through insect bites |
| Ciliata | move by cilia |
| Type of Ciliata | Balantidium Coli |
| Balantidium Coli | causes dysentary |
| Sporozoa | can't move |
| Types of Sporozoa | Plasmodium and Toxoplasma |
| Plasmodium | causes Molaria; transmitted by a mosquito |
| Toxoplasma | reproduces in cats and comes out in their feces; if ingested or inhaled by a pregnant woman, it can damage their embryo. |
| Schizogony | multiple fission; cell forms many nuclei the cytoplasm separates. |
| Cyst | protozoan in a protective capsule |
| Helminthes | worms; multicellular animals; can be microscopic |
| Dioecious | having male and female reproductive organs in separate |
| Hermaphroditic | having both male and female reproductive organs in one individual |
| Definitive Host | some object that harbors the adult form of the worm |
| Intermediate Host | holds the developmental part of the worm |
| Platyhelminthes | flat worms; have an incomplete digestive system; has mouth and no rectum |
| Two types of Platyhelminthes | Trematodes and Cestodes |
| Trematodes | called flukes; have flat bodies with suckers |
| Two types of Trematodes | Paragonimus and Schistosoma |
| Paragonimus | a long fluke; is eaten then wonders to the lungs |
| Schistosoma | a blood fluke; burrows through the skin to the blood stream |
| Cestodes | tape worms; have segments called proglottids |
| Types of Cestodes | Taenia and Echinococcus |
| Taenia | the beef tapeworm; its larva forms cysts in meat that humans eat. Head is not killed if the meat is rare |
| Echinococcus | dog and cat tapeworm; humans are intermediate host; so worm migrates to some other organ and forms a fluid filled sack called a hydatid cyst |
| Nematodes | round worms; have smooth bodies with pointed ends |
| Types of Nematodes | Enterobius, Necator, and Trichinella |
| Enterobius | the pin worm; infects the intestines; trhe female migrates out of the intestines to lay eggs |
| Necator | also called the hookworm; the larva penetrates the skin, and travels to the blood stream then to the lungs. Then the host coughs it up and swollows it back down into the intestine |
| Trichinella | found in pork and bear meat; migrates from intestines to muscles |
| Arthropods | animals with pointed legs; carrying germs |
| Vectors | carriers of germs |
| Arachnida | Spiders, Ticks and mites |
| Crustacea | crabs, crayfish, lobsters, shrimp |
| Chilopoda | centipedes- 2 legs for each segment |
| Diplopoda | millipedes- 4 legs for each segment |
| Viruses | obligate intracellular parasites; made of a nucleic acid core and a protein coat. Can infect all 5 kingdoms |
| Host range | types of cells a microbe can infect |
| Virion | a fully developed viral particle |
| Capsid | the protein coat/shell of the virus |
| Spikes | carbohydrate or protein projections |
| Helical Virus | long tubular rods- can be ridged or flexible |
| Polyhedral Virus | can be many sided |
| Enveloped Virus | surrounded by a capsule of some type |
| Complex Virus | contains extra structures such as tails, fibers or spikes |
| Ways to grow virses | Inside bacteria, inside living animals, inside chicken eggs, in tissue culture |
| Ways to Identify Viruses | Antibodies, DNA Sequencing, Electron Microscope |
| Bacteriophage Lytic Cycle | virus binds to the bacteria wall, then produces the enzyme lysozyme to break a hole in the bacteria. Then the virus injects its nucleic acid into the bacteria. The nucleic acid takes over the cell parts and makes more nucleic acid and protein pieces. Nucleic Acid and protein pieces assemble. Lysozyme is produced again, breaks the cell open and the viruses are released. |
| Bacteriophage Lysogenic Cycle | virus binds and injects its DNA. Dna inserts into the host DNA and is now called a prophage and it stays dormant. It is copied every time the bacterium reproduces. At any time it can change to a Lytic Cycle. |
| Animal Virus Life Cycle | LOOK AT NOTES |
| Inclusion Body | abnormal clump of material in a cell |
| Polykaryocytes | several cells fused together |
| Benign Tumor | a group of non-cancerous cells that are multiplying |
| Malignant Tumor | cancerous abnormal cells |
| Metastasis | the spread of cancer |
| Leukemia | cancer of the bone marrow, producing too many or abnormal WBCs |
| Oncogenes | sections of DNA that transform a normal cell into a cancerous one |
| Contact Inhibition | stopping of movement and mitosis when cells touch |
| Papove Virus | DNA virus that cause worts and tumors |
| Adeno Virus | DNA viruses that cause respiratory infections |
| Herpes Virus | DNA viruses that cause cold sores, chicken pox and sexual herpes |
| Pox Virus | DNA viruses that cause small pox and cow pox |
| Picorna Virus | RNA viruses that cause polio, colds and hepititis |
| Toga Virus | RNA viruses that cause encephalitis(brain infection) |
| Othomyxo | RNA viruses that cause flu |
| Paramyxo | RNA viruses that cause measals and mumps |
| Rhabdo | RNA viruses that cause rabies |
| Retro Virus | RNA viruses that cause AIDS, tumors and leukemia |
| Papilloma Virus | causes worts and cervical cancer |
| EB Virus | causes mono and burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's Disease, Nose and Throat cancer |
| Herpes 1 | causes cold sores |
| Herpes 2 | causes sexual herpes and cervical cancer |
| Hepititis B | can cause liver cancer |
| Latent Viral Infection | housing the virus for a long time without disease |
| slow Viral Infection | disease and viral build up occur gradually over a long period of time |
| Virino | small viral nucleic acid in a coat of host protein |
| Prion | an infectious protein |
| Viroids | short peices of RNA with no protein coat, mostly infects plants |
| Nonspecific Resistance | a general defense against any type of invader |
| Skin | contains the tough protein keratin, plus acid secretions |
| Mucus Membranes | contain mucus to trap microbes and cilia to move them |
| Lysozyme | an enzyme that breaks down cell walls. In tears and saliva |
| Gastric Juice | HCl and enzymes in the stomach |
| Normal Flora | bacteria that live in or on the boby, they compete with pathogenic microbes |
| Plasma | the fluid portion of the blood |
| Erythrocytes | RBCs, no nucleus, filled with hemoglobin which have iron atoms that carry oxygen. Have bi-concave disc shape |
| Leukocytes | WBCs, five types |
| Neutrophils | phagocytes |
| Eosinophils | allergies, attack worms |
| Basophils | release histamine |
| Lymphocytes | immune cells |
| Monocytes | become macrophages |
| Leukocytosis | increase in WBCs |
| Leukopenia | decrease in WBCs |
| Phagocytosis | a phagocyte surrounds a microbe with extensions called a sudopod and engolf the microbe into a container called a vessicle. The the vessicle fuses with a lysosome. Enzyme within the lysosome degrades the microbe. |
| Inflammation | a general process for destroying microbes or repairing tissue. Vessels dilate, Cells Kinins and prostaglandins move into the tissue causing redness, heat, pain and swelling |
| Margination | the sticking of WBCs to the inner walls of capillaries |
| Diapedesis | the squeezing of WBCs through the walls of capillaries out into the tissue |
| Fever | an increase in body temperature by the hypothalamus. caused by pyrogens that are released by macrophages. Speeds immune cells and cause liver to sequester iron |
| Cytokines | proteins produced by cells to communicate with each other |
| Surface Receptors | molecules on the surface of cells that binds with items passing by |
| TLRs | Toll Like Receptors, bind to molecules that are in microbes |
| Compliment and Properdin | proteins in the blood that jooin and punch holes in cells |
| Cytolysis | the leaking of cell contents |
| Interferons | proteins produced by virally infected cells, to help protect neighboring cells |
Combine with other sets
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