8th Grade Essential Elements List; language arts
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80 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Appendix | A section or table of extra information at the end of the book |
| Cause and Effect | the relationship between two things when one thing makes something else happen |
| Copyright Page | page that contains copyright information |
| Table | a set of data arranged in rows and columns |
| Allusion | a reference to something literature, mythology, or history, or other field or branch of culture |
| Dialect | a way of speaking that is characteristic of a certain social group or of the inhabitants of a certain geographical area or a certain group of people |
| Dialogue | a conversation between two persons |
| Drama | a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage |
| Dramatic Irony | When the audience or reader knows something a character does not know |
| Dynamic Character | a character who changes because of what happens in a story |
| Flashback | an interruption in the sequence of events to tell about an incident from the past |
| Foreshadowing | hints or clues that a writer uses to suggest what will happen next in a story |
| Infer | when the reader uses clues to figure out things in a story that aren't actually written |
| Man vs. Man | when a character faces a problem with another character |
| Man vs. Nature | when a character faces a problem against his/her environment |
| Man vs. Self | when a character faces a problem with his/her own thoughts and feelings |
| Man vs. Society | when a character faces a problem with a group of people or culture |
| Metaphor | a comparison between two unlike things without using the words "like" or "as"; an implied comparison |
| Monologue | also called a soliloquy, a part of drama in which one character who is alone on stage speaks aloud his or her thoughts and feelings |
| Mood | the feeling a reader or audience receives from a piece of writing |
| Oxymoron | a technique in which two words with opposite meanings are put together for special effects |
| Pun or Word Play | a play or multiple meanings of a word or on two words that sound alike but have different meanings |
| Short Story | a fictional narrative written in prose that can be read in one sitting |
| Simile | a comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as" |
| Situational Irony | when events occur that are different from what we expected to happen |
| Static Character | a character who stays basically the same throughout a story |
| Suspense | the uncertainty or anxiety that a reader feels about what will happen next in a story |
| Symbolism | the idea of a person, place, or a thing that has meaning in itself but that stands for something else as well |
| Tone | the attitude a writer or narrator takes toward the characters and events of a literary work or the work's audience |
| Tragedy | a play, novel, or other narrative in which the main character come to an unhappy end |
| Verbal Irony | a contrast between what is said and what is really meant |
| Diagram | a chart, plan, or scheme |
| Analogy | a comparison made between two things to show how they are rated to two other things. ____is to ____as ____is to ____ |
| Cept, Cei, Cip, Cap | to take or to seize |
| Context Clues | hints around a word to help figure out its meaning |
| Example | a type of context clue that uses examples so the reader may infer the meaning of the vocabulary word |
| Gen | race and kind of |
| Lig, Jun Stri, Nex | joining, connecting, or binding together |
| Men, Rat, Put | mind or mental activity |
| Nat | to be born and to spring forth |
| Pend, Pens | to weigh |
| Pond | to hang |
| Pos, Pon | to put or place |
| Reg, Ord, Mand, Domin | controlling or ruling |
| Restatement or Definition | a type of context clue that uses the meaning of the vocabulary word is in the sentence itself, usually following the vocabulary word |
| Sen, Sent | to feel |
| Synonym/Antonym | a type of context clue that uses a synonym or antomym in the same sentence as the word so the reader may understand the meaning of a word |
| Viv | life |
| Voc | to call |
| Word Origins | a word's derivation or etymology, it tells how the word or its parts entered the English language |
| Word Structure | a type of context clue that uses knowledge of roots, prefixes, and suffixes to figure out what a word might mean |
| Adjective | a word that describes (modifies) a noun, tells what kind, which one, how many, or whose |
| Adverb | describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, tells how, when, where, or how much |
| Compound Sentence | made up of two or more simple sentences and joined by a conjunction |
| Conjunction | joins words or groups of words |
| Subject Pronoun | pronouns used as the subject or the linking verb complement - I, you, she, he, we, they |
| Noun | a person, place, thing, or idea |
| Object Pronoun | pronouns used as the direct object, the object of the preposition, or the indirect object- me, you, her, him, us, them |
| Personification | a figure of speech in which a nonhuman thing is given human characteristics |
| Preposition | shows a relationship of position between the object of the preposition and the work it modifies |
| Prepositional Phrase | used to describe (modify) another works in a sentence just as an adjective or adverb is used |
| Simple Sentence | a group of words that expresses one complete thought that contains a subject and a verb and names sense |
| Subject | what or whom the sentence is about, answers what or who |
| Verb | a word that is usually one of the main parts of a sentence and that expresses an action, an occurrence, or a state of being |
| Imagery | writing that uses descriptive language to appeal to the senses |
| Autor's Purpose | the reason a piece of work was written |
| Descriptive | writing that describes a person, place, thing or idea using detailed sensory words |
| Expository | writing that explains |
| Persuasive | writing used to convince others that something you believe is true |
| Debate | to argue or discuss |
| Oral Interpretation | sharing with an audience your understanding of and feelings about the work (i.e.-dramatic reading, choral reading, reader's theater, and creative enactment) |
| Bias | the way the author's opinions and experiences affect a piece of writing |
| Connotation | a meaning, association, or emotion suggested by a word, NOT the dictionary definition |
| Objective Writing | writing that presents facts without revealing the writer's feelings and opinions |
| Primary Source | an original document or source that comes directly from the event |
| Propaganda | persuasive techniques that deliberatly discourage people from thinking for themselves |
| Quote (cited in paper) | an exact line copied from another piece of writing or something someone said |
| Secondary source | a document that describes a person, place, or event, from a second-hand account |
| Stereotype | a fixed idea about the members of a particular group that does not allow for an individuality |
| Subjective Writing | writing in which the feelings and opinions of the writer are revealed |
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