Semantic Memory & Knowing
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Created by:
Alisonjean22 on October 27, 2011
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59 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Turning Test | a human judge engages in a natural language conversation with a human and a machine designed to generate performance indistinguishable from that of a human being. All participants are separated from one another. If the judge cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. The test does not check the ability to give the correct answer, it checks how closely the answer resembles typical human answers. |
| Semantic Memory | Permanent memory store of general world knowledge. |
| Sentence Verification Task | Simple sentences are presented for the yes/no decisions. |
| Teachable Language Comprehender | Quillian's model of semantic memory in which concepts are stored in nodes and are connected via pathways and these nodes are connected through spreading activations. |
| Quillian (1968) | TLC |
| Cognitive economy | Performance will suffer if one seeks to perform tasks (or combinations of tasks) that demand more resources than are available, and this leads people to use a variety of cognitive 'short-cuts'. |
| Typicality Effect | In semantic memory research, the result that typical members of a category tend to be judged more rapidly than atypical members. |
| Collins & Loftus (1975) | ... |
| Semantic Network | is a network which represents semantic relations among concepts. |
| Node | A point or location in the semantic space. |
| Pathway | labeled, directional associations between concepts. |
| Speading Activation | The mental activity of accessing and retrieving information from this network. |
| Proposition | a relation between two objects. |
| Property Statement | Simple statements in which the relationship being expressed is "X has the property feature Y" example: A robin has wings. |
| Isa Statement | Specifies a member of a category. |
| Intersection Search | In network models, the connecting pathway between two concepts, the location where activation from two separate nodes meet. |
| Semantic Relatedness | Concepts that are more highly interrelated can be retrieved and judged true more rapidly than those with a lower degree of relatedness. |
| Smith Shoben & Rips | ... |
| Feature List | Properties or characteristics stored in the mental representation of some concept, presumed by some theories to be accessed and evaluated in the process of making semantic judgments. |
| Semantic Feature | Properties or characteristics stored in the mental representation of some concept, presumed by some theories to be accessed and evaluated in the process of making semantic judgments. |
| Defining Feature | Smith et. al's theory of semantic memory: it is a property or feature of a concept that is essential to the meaning of that concept for instance, bearing live young is a defining feature of the concept "mammal" |
| Characteristic Feature | Smith et. al's theory of semantic memory: features and properties of a concept that are common but are not essential to the meaning of the concept; "eat worms" is characteristic, but not defining of the concept "birds" |
| Feature Overlap | An index of the similarity of the two concepts. |
| Evoked Potential | The time it takes for nerves to respond to stimulation. |
| N400 | an event-related potential component elicited by meaningful stimuli. |
| Lag | In studies of mental processing, the number of intervening trials between a prime and a target |
| Lexical Decision Task | A simple yes/no task in which subjects are timed as they decide whether the letter string being presented is a word; sometimes called simply the word/nonword task |
| Priming | Mental activation of a concept by some means, or the spread of that activation from one concept to another; also, the activation of some target information by action of a previosuly presented prime, sometimes loosely synonymous with the notion of accessing information in memory. |
| Prime/Target | The first stimulus in a prime-target pair, intended to exert some influence on the second stimulus. |
| Benefit/Cost | Benefit; Any positive or advantageous effect on processing; usulaly because of prior presentation of related information. Cost; A response slower than baseline because of a misleading cue. |
| Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) | The SOA is the length of time between the onset of the prime and the onset of the target. |
| Automatic vs. Controlled Processing | In automatic processing, the individual processes information, often unconsciously. Controlled processing, which is much slower, results when individuals pay conscious attention to what a screen actually says. |
| Sir Cedric Bartlett | used folktales, ordinary prose and pictures to study the memory of meaningful material. |
| War of the Ghosts | British students read Native American myth. When recalling, distorted facts to fit own knowledge, neglect info that doesn't fit |
| Rumor Effect | In Bartlett's War of the Ghosts, a tendency to recall false information. |
| Schema | a stored framework or body of knowledge |
| Leveling | simplifying the story |
| Sharpening | Highlighting and overemphasizing certain details |
| Inference | logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience |
| Reconstructive memory | memory that has been simplified, enriched, or distorted, depending on an individual's experiences and attitudes. |
| Script | large-scale semantic knowledge structures that guide our interpretation and comprehension of ordered daily experience. |
| Frame/slot | Details about specific events within the script. |
| Default value | The common, typical value or concept that occupies the frame. |
| Concept | A general idea or thought about something |
| Generalization | transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus |
| Stereotype | a distorted, exaggerated, or oversimplified image applied to a category of people |
| Discrimination | unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice |
| Classical View of categorization | People create and use categories based on a system of rules. |
| Associative Learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). |
| Hypothesis testing | a decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population, based on information obtained from samples |
| Reception/selection paradigm | ... |
| Fuzzy Concepts | Members in a category vary in how truly they fit into a category. |
| Family resemblance | Members of the same category may or may not have the same features, they still share a family resemblance. |
| Prototype Theory | An average of all your experiences with members of a category. |
| Eleanor Rosch | ... |
| Exemplar Theory | Mentally taking into account each experience, instance or example, of the various encounters that have been experienced with members of that category. |
| Modularity of the mind | ... |
| Lexical Memory | ... |
| Anomia | ... |
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