AP Euro: Scientific Revolution and Old Regime Society
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Scientific Revolution | sweeping change in the scientific view of the universe that occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries. new scientific concepts, methods of their construction become standards for assessing the validity of knowledge in the West |
| Nicholas Copernicus | Polish priest, astronomer. Published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, which established a heliocentric universe but kept many ideas from Ptolemy |
| Tycho Brahe | Danish astronomer, advocated geocentric universe. Constructed his own scientific instruments and made extensive naked-eye observations that produced a vast body of astronomical data. |
| Johannes Kepler | German astronomer, Brahe's assistant. Believed Copernican theories, and discovered the planets' elliptical orbits around the sun. Wrote The New Astronomy. |
| Galileo Galilei | Italian mathematician and natural philosopher, used a telescope to make new observations which he used to support Copernican theories and a universe of mathematical laws. Had rhetorical/political skills, but was condemned by the Catholic Church and was forced to renounce his views. |
| Isaac Newton | Englishman, published Principia Mathematica regarding the laws of gravity. Believed in empiricism. |
| Francis Bacon | Englishman, called the father of empiricism and scientific experimentation. Believed in finding new knowledge over the wisdom of ancients, and in practical uses of science toward human improvement. |
| Rene Descartes | mathematician, invented analytic geometry. Developed scientific method based on deduction. Distrusted all things except those he could know without a doubt, divided existence into mind and body. |
| Thomas Hobbes | political philosopher, wrote Leviathan to justify a strong central political authority. Characterized humans as beings subject to primal urges who would devolve into constant war and chaos without a sovereign power with an absolute government. |
| John Locke | philosopher, wrote two Treatises of Government in support of a responsible, responsive government that could be deposed if it overstepped its bounds. Believed humans were naturally good and reasonable, wanted religious toleration for all Protestants. |
| Blaise Pascal | French mathematician, physical scientist. Wanted to refute dogmatism and skepticism. Thought religion, God, outside of reason and was better to bet on God's existence than against it. |
| Baruch Spinoza | Jewish writer, wrote Ethics, closely linked God and nature. Advocated use of reason, naturalism instead of formal religion. |
| Rembrandt van Rijn | Dutch painter, etcher. Depicted contemporary life in baroque style. |
| Queen Christina of Sweden | woman from elite class, patronized the New Sciences, especially Rene Descartes |
| Margaret Cavendish | noblewoman, wife of duke of Newcastle. Participated in discussions with natural philosophers, wrote philosophy books and was allowed to visit a meeting of the Royal Society of London. |
| heliocentric | theory that the planets revolve around the sun |
| ethnocentric | believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups |
| empiricism | use of experimentation and observation derived from sensory experience to construct scientific theory or philosophy of knowledge |
| rationalism | belief in reason and logic as the primary source of knowledge |
| law of universal gravitation | the scientific law that states that every object in the universe attracts every other object, as stated by Isaac Newton |
| progress | gradual improvement or growth or development |
| skepticism | the disbelief in any claims of ultimate knowledge |
| tabula rasa | "blank page." Locke's idea that all humans are born blank and their personalities are formed by their life experiences |
| Maria Winkelmann | Discovered a comet and worked jointly with husband, recognized by peers. Rejected to continue husband's work at Berlin Academy of Sciences. Forced to abandon astronomy. |
| midwife | a woman skilled in aiding the delivery of babies |
| aristocrat | a member of a rich and powerful family |
| Charter of the Nobility | 1785 - Catherine the Great legally defined the rights and privileges of noblemen and women in exchange for the assurance that the nobility would serve the state voluntarily |
| Jethro Tull | English agricultural improver, devised the seed drill, started use of iron plows. |
| Charles Townsend | English agricultural improver, used fertilizers, instituted crop rotation, allowing better soil, more crops, more livestock, more fertilizer. |
| Robert Blakewell | English agricultural improver, pioneered new methods of animal breeding |
| enclosure | consolidation or fencing in of common lands by British landlords to increase production and achieve greater profits. Also reclamation of waste land, turning strips into block fields. |
| spinning jenny | machine invented in England by James Hargreaves around 1765 to mass-produce thread |
| water frame | water-powered device invented by Richard Arkwright to produce more durable cotton fabric. Led to shift in the production of cotton textiles from households to factories. |
| steam engine | Invented by Thomas Newcomen, perfected by James Watt. Permitted industrialization to grow, first steady, portable source of power, applicable to many uses. |
| Old Regime | life and institutions of pre-revolutionary Europe, characterized by tradition, hierarchy, a corporate feeling, and privilege |
| corvée | practice of forced labor for French peasants required by a seigneur |
| neolocalism | practice of moving away from home after marriage to form own independent household |
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