Prentice Hall: Biology (exploring life)
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HaleyDennison2014 on October 27, 2011
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Description:
chapters 2 and 4 and 5
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54 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 isotope | one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons |
| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| Ionic Bond | a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains to electron to form a negative ion |
| Ion | An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge. |
| monosaccharide | type of carbohydrate. it is a simple sugar. EX: glucose, fructose, and galactose (honey contains glucose and fructose) |
| inorganic molecule | non-carbon based molecules such as water, oxygen, and ammonia |
| hydrolysis reaction | a chemical reaction that breaks covalent bonds between monomers by the addition of water |
| functional group | group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules |
| nucleic acids | complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information |
| enzyme | (catalyst)(protein) provides a way for reactions to occur at the cells normal temperature |
| disaccharide | a sugar formed from two monosaccharides. EX: sucrose= 1 glucose molecule linked to 1 fructose molecule |
| polysaccharide | large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides (starch) (potatoes, rice, corn) |
| organic molecule | carbon-based molecule |
| monomer | a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers |
| polymer | large compound formed from combinations of many monomers |
| hydrocarbons | organic molecules composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. EX: methane ( CH4) |
| starch | a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice (energy storage) |
| glycogen | found in livers and muscles. polysaccharide in animal cells that consist of many glucose monomers |
| cellulose | found in plants. polysaccharide that consists of glucose monomers that reinforce plant cell walls |
| macromolecules | 4 groups: carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, lips |
| proteins | made up of 20 amino acids (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen). works in cells. (calogen, keratin) |
| covalent bond | bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms |
| cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| adhesion | an attraction between molecules of different substances |
| polar molecule | molecule in which opposite ends have opposite electric charges |
| glycogen | glucogen enables this branched polysaccharide to be broken down |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| steroid | a lipid molecule in which the carbon skeleton forms four fused rings is called a(n) _______. |
| oxygen and nitrogen | besides carbon, two atoms commonly found in organic compounds are _____ and ______. |
| determines the properties of them | the side group of each amino acid is important because it |
| substrate | an enzyme act upon this |
| enzyme, active site | the substrate fits into a particular region of an ____ called he _____ |
| denaturation | loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor |
| molecule | 2 or more atoms help together by a chemical bond (covalent bond). h2o = (h2) is the molecular ratio |
| buffer | substance that maintains a fairly constant pH in a solution by accepting H+ ions when their levels rise and donating H+ ions when their levels fall |
| pH scale | measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14 |
| acid | compound that donates H+ ions to an aqueous solution and measures less than 7 on the pH scale |
| base | compound that removes H+ ions from an aqueous solution and that measures more than 7 on the pH scale |
| hydrogen bond | created by the weak attraction of a slightly posotive hydrogen atom to a negative portion of another molecule |
| dehydration reaction | building of polymer. when monomer is added to a chain, a water molecule is released (covalent bond) |
| lipids | fats, oils, waxes. cholesterol . hydrophobic. purpose is energy storage, structural component to cell membrane |
| carbohydrates | energy for the cell. made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. provides structure for plants (cell wall). ex. monosaccharide, polysaccharide. made up of sugar molecules |
| matter | occupies space and has mass |
| element | pure substance which cannot be broken down |
| compound | substance containing 2 or more elements that are chemically bonded in a fixed ratio |
| trace elements | elements critical to health that make up less than o.o1 percent of body mass. (calcium, phossphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium |
| atom | smallest particle of an element |
| proton | subatomic particle w/ positive charge |
| electron | subatomic particle w/ a single unit of negative charge |
| neutron | subatomic particle with a neutral charge |
| nucleus | protons+neutrons tightly packed together, forming a central core of an atom |
| radioactive isotope | isotope where the nucleus decays over time giving off radiation in the form of matter and energy |
| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| calogen | proteins that make up skin cells |
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