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Focal - a single lesion representing a SMALL portion of the entire organ Locally extensive - a single lesion involving a LARGE amount of the entire organ - normal tissue sill present Unilateral - confined to one side only - usually used only for paired organs Multifocal - multiple lesions throughout an organ separated by unaffected tissue Multifocal to coalescing - multiple lesions which merge together to create larger lesion Disseminate - widespread - numerous small lesions EVENLY DISTRIBUTED Bilateral - affecting both of a paired organ - affecting both sides as in a brain Bilaterally symmetrical - both sides / organs affected symmetrically Generalized distribution - indicates that all structures of an organ are affected Random - scattered without any pattern Lynphadenomegally - enlarged lymph nodes Amyloidosis - a disorder characterized by deposit of amyloid (waxy, translucent, complex protein) in organs or tissues Uniform - repeatable pattern - distributed throughout the organ in a repetitive pattern Zonal - uniform - usually caused by a process that targets specific structures in an organ - ex. 'nutmeg liver' (centrilobular hepatocyte necrosis) Diffuse - entire organ or tissue - no 'normal' to contrast Segmental - a portion of a linear organ is affected (such as the intestines) Transmural - all layers of a wall are affected Miliary - numerous, small, focal lesions (like millet seed) Raised - bulging or nodular - elevated above the surrounding normal tissue - something extra has been added Depressed - area is below the level of the surrounding normal tissue - something has been lost Atelectasis - collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli Flat - abnormal area is neither raised or depressed - may be an acute condition which has not had time to change Well demarcated - lesion has distinct, clearly defined border Poorly demarcated - indistinct; boundary is not sharp Infiltrative - invasive Expansile - mass/tumor grows by expansion and compression of adjacent tissue Red - congestion, hyperemia, hemorrhage White inflammation, necrosis, calcification/mineralization, urates, keratin, fibrous Yellow - inflammation, bilirubin, fat, fibrin, pus Green - bile pigment, inflammation (eosiniphils), necrosis (gangrenous) Black - melanin. blood/hemoglobin (when fixed), hemorrhagic necrosis, fluke infection, exogenous carbon, postmortem changes Friable - crumbles or breaks easily Turgid - hard due to internal fluid pressure Firm - moderate form of 'hard' Rubbery - slight increase in firmness (edema) Weight - important for some organs such a lungs Odor - some conditions have a distinct order such as blackleg pH - changes in some conditions Flaccid - limp when should be firmer Anoxia - the absence or almost complete absence of oxygen in the inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues Atrophy - decrease on the amount of a tissue or organ AFTER normal growth has be attained Autolysis - self-digestion or degradation of cells and tissues by the hydrolytic enzymes normally present Autophagy - segregation and disposal of damaged organelles within a cell Cachexia - generalized weight loss and wasting Cellular atrophy - shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance Cellular hypertrophy - an increase in the size of the cells Degeneration - reversible deterioration pathological change in cells or tissue - impaired or destroyed function Erosion - a shallow ulcer - loss of epithelial cells with basement membrane is still intact Homeostasis - ability to maintain normal structure and function under normal physiologic demands Hyperplasia - an increase in the NUMBER OF CELLS in a organ or tissue - results in increased size or volume Hypoplasia - failure of an organ to reach normal size Hypoxia - decrease below normal levels of oxygen in the inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues Ischemia - local absence of blood due to an obstruction of the blood supply - local stagnation/congestion of blood from deceased drainage of blood Lesion - a pathologic change in tissue Metaplasia - a reversible change where one type of mature, differentiated cells are replaced by a different mature differentiated type of the same germ line Necrosis - death of cells and tissue in the living animal - irreversible Organ or tissue atrophy - decrease in size of anorgan/tissue (after normal size attained) by the LOSS of CELLS or DECREASE in CELL SIZE Organ hypertrophy - in increse in the size of the organ due to the increse in SIZE but NOT the NUMBER of CELLS Osteopenia - decreased calcification or density of bone - applicable to all the skeleton - carries no implications of cause Osteoporosis - reduction in quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue - in people is age related Pathogenesis - pathologic, physiologic, or biochemical mechanism resulting in the development of a disease or morbid process Postmortem change - change after death - includes both autolysis and putrefaction Putrefaction - process of bacteria breaking down tissue (rotting) Sequestrum / sequestra - piece of necrotic tissue that has become separated from the surrounding healthy tissue - the body usually tries to wall it off - can still see the normal tissue structure in the piece Ulcer - a local defect or excavation of the epithelial surface - produced by soughing of necrotic/inflammatory tissue Ulceration - formation of an ulcer or aggregation of ulcers