Coombs - APES Chapter 8
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coombsbiology Plus on October 28, 2011
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APES, APES ap environmental science Chapter vocal reviews tiff
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28 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 immigration | organisms in a population moving into an area |
| emigration | organisms in a population moving out of an area |
| age structure | proportion of individuals in a population at various age ranges |
| pre-reproductive | individuals not capable of reproducing |
| reproductive | individuals capable of reproducing |
| post-reproductive | individuals too old to be capable of reproducing |
| intrinsic rate of increase (r) | how fast a population would grow under ideal conditions with no limiting factors or environmental resistance acting upon it |
| environmental resistance | any factor (limiting factor) that can limit a populations growth; ex: amount of space, temperature, precipitation, disease, food availability |
| biotic potential | capacity for growth; how well an organism can reproduce and get offspring out into the environment; ex: high biotic potential = fish, insects, small mammals like mice, etc.; low biotic potential = large mammals like the panda, elephants, rhinos, etc. |
| carrying capacity (K) | maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can support for an extended period of time or indefinitely; determined by biotic potential of the organism and the environmental resistance factors that population faces |
| exponential growth | rapid growth; doubling of population each generation; usually associated with intrinsic rate of increase (r); happens when organisms have very little environmental resistance factors or limiting factors acting upon them |
| j-curve | exponential growth demonstrated by a population when it has few limiting factors or little environmental resistance acting upon it |
| logistic growth | rapid explosive growth followed by decrease in population growth until population levels off |
| s-curve | logistic growth, hovering slightly above and below the carrying capacity |
| overshoot | exceeding the carrying capacity |
| density-dependent population controls | Limiting factors have a greater effect as density increases Mostly Biotic Factors Competition for resources Predation Parasitism Infectious disease |
| density-independent population controls | Limiting factor effects are not dependent on the size of the herd Mostly Abiotic Factors Weather/Climate Related Natural Disasters |
| stable growth | population size fluctuates above and below carrying capacity Ex: undisturbed tropical rain forest |
| irruptive growth | growth may explode, then crash Ex: seasonal insects |
| cyclic growth | boom and bust cycles Ex: lynx and snowshoe hare; wolf-moose interactions Top-down population regulation Bottom-up population regulation |
| irregular growth | no recurring pattern; often caused by catastrophic events like natural disasters or major habitat destruction that cannot be predicted |
| asexual reproduction | Offspring are exact genetic copies (clones) of a single parent Examples: single-celled bacteria, corals, yeast, vegetative in plants |
| sexual reproduction | two organisms mix genetic material so offspring is a combination of both |
| r-selected species | reproduce quickly, high biotic potential, many offspring, little care to offspring; ex: insects (roaches), small mammals (mice, rats, rabbits), etc. |
| K-selected species | reproduce slowly, low biotic potential, few offspring, a lot of care to offspring; ex: large mammals like elephants, panda, kangaroo |
| late loss population survivorship curve | organisms in population live long life and often have few offspring but give offspring a lot of care; ex: large mammals |
| constant loss population survivorship curve | organisms die off evenly at all ages throughout lifespan; ex: song birds |
| early loss population survivorship curve | organisms in population die off at early ages, parents have many offspring but give little care to offspring; ex: fish, insects, etc. |
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