Microbio/ID L8: Tissue Responses to Infection
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Created by:
Joshuazw on October 29, 2011
Subjects:
Microbiology/Infectious Diseases
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42 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What are the 5 kinds of white blood cells? | 1.) Basophils 2.) Eosinophils 3.) Lymphocytes 4.) Monocytes (when in blood)/Macrophages (when in tissue) 5.) Neutrophils (aka polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or PMNs) |
| What are the 3 types of granulocytes? | Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils |
| What are the 3 types of 'mononuclear' cells (all the cells are really mononuclear, these are the cells with a typical round or bean-shaped nucleus)? | Lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, plasma cells |
| What is pharyngitis? | Inflammation of the pharynx (throat) |
| What is cellulitis? | Inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues |
| What is otitis media? | Inflammation of the middle ear |
| What is the most common cause of inflammation? | Microbial infections. |
| What are the 6 categories of microbes? | 1.) Bacteria 2.) Viruses 3.) Fungi 4.) Protozoa 5.) Helminths 6.) Prions |
| What are the 6 tissue responses to infection? | 1.) Acute inflammation 2.) Chronic inflammation 3.) Granulomatous inflammation (really a subtype of chronic inflammation) 4.) Eosinophilia 5.) Cytopathic/cytoproliferative changes 6.) Tissue necrosis |
| Acute inflammation is due to infection by...? | Extracellular bacteria/fungi, especially pyogenic bacteria. |
| What comprises the first line of defense against extracellular organisms? | Neutrophils and macrophages. |
| What is pus made of? | Viable and dying WBCs (neutrophils), liquified tissue, and cellular debris. |
| Why is the wall of an appendix with acute inflammation markedly thickened relative to that of a normal appendix? | It is thickened because of an accumulation of fluid and inflammatory cells. |
| How common are eosinophils in the GI tract? | Very common |
| In the response to acute inflammation, which arrives first, neutrophils or macrophages? | Neutrophils first, then macrophages. |
| What is an abscess? | It is a lesion consisting of a central area of tissue necrosis and neutrophils. |
| What are the 3 outcomes of acute inflammation? | 1.) Normal healing 2.) Tissue destruction 3.) Progression to chronic inflammation. |
| How long do neutrophils last in tissue? | About 24 hours |
| What type of microbes are abscesses associated with? | Extracellular microbes, typically bacteria, but also fungi |
| What are 2 examples of fungi that can cause abscesses? | Aspergillus and Candida. |
| If an acute infection is due to an intracellular organism, what cells mediate the early response to it? | NK cells. |
| What are the immune cells that characterize chronic inflammation? | Mononuclear cells: Lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells |
| What does concurrent acute and chronic inflammation mean? | That it is hard to eradicate the infection with any type of organism. The infection could be caused by an intracellular or extracellular microbe. |
| What is a histiocyte? | Histiocyte is just another word for macrophage. |
| What is a granuloma? | It is a collection of activated macrophages. |
| Ongoing interactions between what 2 types of immune cells maintain the granuloma? | CD4+ T cells and macrophages |
| What is a giant cell? | It is a cell formed by the fusion of macrophages, characteristic of granulomatous inflammation. |
| What is the most common and important organism that causes granulomatous inflammation? | Mycobacterium Tb |
| What is caseous necrosis? | Necrosis of the central portions of the lesions with granulomatous inflammation. This is characteristic of TB infection. |
| Does M Tb grow on blood agar or stain with conventional gram stains? | No |
| What does M Tb stain with? | It stains with an acid fast stain. |
| How can you tell the difference between an abscess and granulomatous inflammation with necrosis? | On microscopic examination, an abscess will be seen to contain neutrophils and granulomatous inflammation with necrosis will have pink, acellular necrosis in the center. |
| What do eosinophlis defend against? | Helminthic infections |
| How do eosinophils kill helminths? | They bind to the Fc regions of IgE antibodies which are bound to helminthic parasites. The eosinophils are then activated to release their granules, containing major basic protein, which kills the parasites. |
| Besides helminthic infection, what are associated with eosinophilic infiltrates? | Allergic reactions |
| Helminthic eggs may initiate what sort of immune response? | Granulomatous response. |
| What causes cytopathic changes? | Virus induced structural changes in the host cell. |
| What type of cytopathic change does Cytomegalovirus (CMV) cause? | Cellular enlargement and intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions |
| What type of cytopathic change does Herpes simplex virus cause? | Multinucleated cells due to cell fusion |
| What type of cytopathic change does Human papilloma virus (HPV) cause? | Enlarged nuclei, binucleated cells, perinuclear halos |
| What type of cytopathic change does Adenovirus cause? | Intranuclear inclusions |
| What causes tissue necrosis? | Bacterial/parasitic toxins and viruses. |
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