1.
1st degree burn: Located in epidermis. Redness, swelling, pain because of increased blood flow to the epidermis to heal it. Healed within a few days.
2.
2nd degree burn: located in all of the epidermis, some of the dermis. Blistering filled with fluid. Usually healed on it's own within a few weeks, but you should watch for the blisters popping because it could get infected.
3.
3rd degree burn: Located in entire epidermis and the dermis, could also damage the underlying bone or the muscle. Very severe. Extensive blistering, red and white, lots of scarring. No initial pain because the nerve ending s have been destroyed. Pain increases with time. Could take months to heal.
4.
Apocrine Glands: Found in armpits and genital areas, larger glands than eccrine. The tubes/ducts empty into hair follicles. Contain more lipids and proteins; liquid is thicker than eccrine. Initially it is odorless, then when bacteria break it down it smells. These glands start functioning at puberty; functions in sexual attraction.
5.
Arrector pili muscle: Which causes hair to stand up and simple skin, creating goose bumps.
6.
Basal Cell Carcinoma: Cancer is formed in the basale layer of the epidermis. Least malignant form of skin cancer - not likely to spread, unless left untreated. Most common form of skin cancer, 75% of skin cancers. Cells usually move up through the epidermis, forming a bump, usually on the face. When the cells move down into the dermis, it can metastasize by traveling through the blood stream, which is very bad.
7.
Bilirubin: Breakdown product of hemoglobin. Liver removes this from the body and incorporates it into the bile, which is stored in the gallbladder.
8.
Collodion baby: Born with very thick plates on surface of its skin. The thick layer is called collodion membrane. They have too much skin; because the skin is so thick, the body can't accommodate so it stretches too much and cracks. The membrane will often peel off in first few weeks of life
9.
Critical burn: If it is 2nd degree and covers > 25%, 3rd degree and covers > 10%, or the 3rd degree burn is on the face (could prevent breathing) or the hands or feet (affect long term mobility)
10.
Cyanosis: Blue skin, hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated. Sign of MI (heart attack), or a respiratory disorder.
11.
Dehydration: 1st threat of burns. If you lose too much fluid, your blood volume decreases, kidney function decreases, leading to circulatory shock. Give victim lots of calories and proteins to rebuild and heal the tissues (usually through an IV or gastric tube).
12.
Desquamation: Removal if dead skin cells
13.
Dihydrotestosterone: Blocks testosterone production to stop male pattern baldness.
14.
Eccrine glands: Produces sweat when exercising/body gets hot. More numerous; found on palm of hand, sole of feet, and forehead. Located in the dermis; has a duct that extends from the surface to the core. Composed of 99% water, but also made of salt, vitamins, microbial substances, wastes (urea), and lactic acid, which may attract mosquitos. Purpose is to prevent overheating and to regulate body temperature.
15.
Eclabium: flipping of the lips
16.
Ectropion: flipping of the eyelids
17.
Epidermal blister: Break within the epidermal layer only
18.
Erythema: Redness of skin resulting from engorgement of dermal capillaries. Sign of fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergies.
19.
Flexone lines: Dermal folds occurring near joints of places where skin is frequently bent and had distinct lines, like the inside of the elbow.
20.
Functions of Hypodermis: Fat and nutrient storage, insulation, shock absorption, binds skin to muscles
21.
Harlequin ichthyosis: Severe form. Victims lack lamellar granules, meaning you don't have water proofing glycolipids. As a result, skin is signaled to produce more cells because they think that there is a defect because the skin is not waterproof. However, you also don't have protease enzymes, so the extra cells can't be removed.
22.
Hyponitrima: Not enough salt, too much water
23.
Ichthyosis: Extremely rare condition; an extreme form of psoriasis. "Fish scale disease". Different types exist; genetic. Hyperkeratinized epidermis Stratum Corneum is way thicker than it should be. Variable degrees, from minor to extreme
24.
Ichthyosis vulgaris: Mild form, scaly patches only on elbows and legs, common, could be confused with psoriasis. Defect in keratohyaline granules - skin doesn't hydrate properly, making it difficult to exfoliate. Cyclical, not life threatening.
25.
Immune system: 3rd threat of burns. This system is compromised.
26.
Infection: 2nd threat of burns. Broken external barrier that prevents bacteria and pathogens from entering. Burnt skin is initially sterile, for the 24hrs. After that, bacteria start to grow.
27.
Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin indicated a liver or gall bladder problem
28.
Keratin: String like fibrous protein protecting and providing structure to the skin. Makes up fingernails, hair, and surface layer of skin.
29.
Keratohylaline granules and filaggrin: bind keratin cells together
30.
Lamellated granules: Contain water proofing waxy glycolipids, coating surface layers of the cells.
31.
Langerhans cells: Come from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. They are macrophages, cells from the immune system, and activate immune responses by alerting the immune system when a foreign body lands on/enters the skin.
32.
Male pattern baldness: Follicle cycles are too short. It is genetically inherited from mother's father.
33.
Meissner's corpuscles: Sensory receptors to touch. Dermal ridges indent ridges into epidermis (fingerprints) are made of dermal papillae, helping with gripping.
34.
Melanocytes: Spidery shaped cells that produce melanin. Located in basale layer
35.
Melanoma: Brownish irregular spot on the skin, formed in the melanocytes in stratum basale layer. Most dangerous type because it spreads quickly and is resistant to treatment. Of the skin diseases, it is the leading cause of death. #1 cause of cancer death is women ages 25 - 30. Very rare; only 5% of skin cancers.
36.
Merkel Cells: Associated with a nerve ending, creating a merkel disc, which is a light touch receptor.
37.
Oil/Sebaceous Glands: More compact than sweat glands, produce sebum, empty into hair follicles. Not present in palms or soles. Very abundant in the face, neck, and upper chest. Contains microbial properties.
38.
Pacinian corpuscles: Senses deep/hard pressure deep in the dermis.
39.
Pallor/Blanching: Pale skin. Sign of anemia (decrease in RBC). These cells are oxygenated, just not sufficiently. Or a sign of hypotension, or cold temperature.
40.
Papillae: bumps sticking up on skin, contains capillary loops, free/bare nerve endings of neurons, and Meissner's corpuscles
41.
Papillary layer: Superficial layer of the dermis; made of loose collagen and elastin, right below the surface membrane; very vascular.
42.
Port-wine stain: Bright red discolored birth mark. Caused by abnormally dense accumulation of blood vessels in dermis of the skin. Most often on face and neck. They tend to darken over time. Unknown cause; happens early in fetal development. Laser treatment, not life threatening.
43.
Psoriasis: Scaly, flaky, silver/whitish patches on the skin (dead skin building on the surface). Commonly seen on the trunk, elbows, knees, and scalp. Very common. Can be just one patch or widely spread. Cyclical flare ups; usually first displays during ages 15 - 35. Cells are being produced faster than being removed. Autoimmune.
44.
Reticular layer: Deep layer of dermis. Accounts for most of the dermis thickness. Contains sweat and oil glands, hair follicles, and sensory receptors.
45.
Rhinopyma: Large bulbous bumpy nose caused by untreated rosacea. Red color comes from more blood (hemoglobin cells) in the area.
46.
Rosacea: Red flushing of the skin due to dilation of the blood vessels in the skin. Typical on the face. Tends to flare up then go down (cyclical). Begins later in life, ages 30-50 (middle age). Treatment: avoid triggering factors, topical medication
47.
Six function of the integument system: Protection, thermo-regulation, metabolic, sensation, blood reservoir, and excretion.
48.
Size of skin: 2square meters, weighing 10lbs, is 1.5mm - 4mm thick
49.
Squamous cell carcinoma: Occurs in stratum spinosum. Looks like a scaly, reddened elevation of the skin. Occurs most often on the head, face, and hands (the areas most exposed to the sun). May bleed a little.
50.
Stratum basale: Deepest epidermal layer. Connects to the dermis via a basement membrane by the hemidesmosomes. Most cells in basale are mitotic. Houses melanocytes and merkel cells.
51.
Stratum Corneum: Multiple layers of dead keratinocytes; little bags of keratin. Resistant to abrasion, penetration, and water. Thickness varies based on location in the body.
52.
Stratum granulosum: Thin layer of the epidermis, starting to flatten and die. Nucleus and organelles disintegrate because there is no blood supply. Contains a lot of hard keratin and granules.
53.
Stratum lucidum: Present only in thick skin like the palms and soles; a few rows of dead keratin cells.
54.
Stratum spinosum: Several thick layers in the epidermis containing keratin filaments, Langerhans cells, and desmosomes holding the cells together.
55.
Subepidermal blister: Separation from the epidermis to the dermis, filling with fluid.
56.
Sweat/Sudoriferous Glands: Look like "ball of spaghetti sliced in half". Contains Eccrine and Apocrine glands
57.
Telangiectasia: Bright red blood vessels in the skin that get bumpy;caused by rosacea
58.
Xeroderma pigmentosum: Very rare. Can't go out in sunlight. They have an inability to fix DNA damage due to UV rays. Very susceptible to skin cancer.Genes producing DNA repair proteins also do not work correctly. Most of us can repair the DNA if damage occurs, but they can't.
