health psych_ch2
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Created by:
michiru_lulu on October 29, 2011
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114 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 homeostasis | dynamic physiological response on the part to maintain a stable internal state in spite of the demands of the envn't -require constant monitoring of ur internal states and a response to the changes -psychological factors also affect homeostasis |
| body communicates with itself in a number of ways, most commonly via electrical impulses conducted through | nerve cells OR neurons |
| afferent neurons vs. efferent neurons | former: nerve cells that conduct impulses from a sense organ TO CNS, from lower to higher levels in the spinal cord and brain latter: nerve cells that take impulses AWAY from the brain |
| biochemistry of synaptic transmission focuses on | neurochemicals or neurotransmitters that are secreted or received by neurons, allowing for communication between cells -affected by our psychological state and in reciprocal fashion, affects our psychological experience |
| people with multiple sclerosis (neural transmission) | experience double vision, numbness, extreme fatigue, loss of bowel or bladder control, speech difficulties, and poor motor control |
| people with myasthenia gravis | blurred vision, dropping eyelids, difficulty eating bc of problems with chewing and swallowoing |
| central nervous system | consist of cells that make up to brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | collection of neural pathways that take information to and from the CNS to the rest of the body -made up of somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system -autonomic nervous system (divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) |
| main components of CNS | neurons and gilial cells |
| gilial cels (CNS) | make up about about 90% of CNS cells 1)support system for neurons 2) providing nourishment 3) helping neurons maintain proper physical orientation to each other |
| blood-brain barrier | acts as a sentinel for materials that enter the brain vis. bloodstream |
| nervous system disease | meningitis (infection of fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord) symptoms of meningitis in ppl over age of 2: high fever, headache, and stiff neck difficult to attack among newborns and infants babies under three months given "fever without a source" ->routinely tested for meningitis and infections of bloodstream and urine |
| bacterial vs. viral meningitis | former: result in brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities or death latter: resolves itself without specific treatment |
| brain stem | base of the brain -connects the brain to the spinal cord -controls some very basic functions eg)breathing and sleep-wake cycles |
| cerebellum | -above the brain stem -little brain -control of balance and coordination of voluntary movement |
| hypothalamus | below the centre of the brain about size of a lima bean -central control mechanism for homeostasis* eg)responsible for maintaining a steady body temp. and also monitors hunger and thirst |
| combination of hypothalamus and pituitary gland | form a sign communication point between neural and hormonal systems -this helps hypothalamus control sexual behaviour and reproduction |
| thalamus | above hypothalamus -manages synaptic input to the brain, sending impulses to the appropriate part of the brain |
| cerebral cortex | divided into hemispheres, separated into four lobes 1) occipital lobe 2)temporal lobe 3) parietal lobe 4) frontal lobe |
| occipital lobe | contain visual cortex responsible for interpretation of impulses that come in through the light-sensitive receptors (rods and cones) in the eyes |
| temporal lobes | vicinity of the ears responsible for interpreting sound |
| pareital lobes | responsible for processing sensory information eg)touch and temp regulation |
| frontal lobe | voluntary movement, language, thought processing, emotion |
| motor cortex | controlling voluntary movement lower part of this: facial movement upper: limb and trunk movement |
| sensory cortex | sensory activities in specific parts of the body as well as sensations from the skin, muscles, and joints |
| contralateral control | each hemisphere controlling the opposite side of the body eg) LEFT HEMISPHERE CONTROLLING THE RIGHT SIDE RIGHT HEMISPHERE CONTROLLING THE LEFT SIDE |
| broca's area | production of speech |
| wernicke's area | junction of occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes controls the understanding and interpretation of language |
| reasons for brain damage | 1)blows to head 2)oxygen deprivation: result of cerebrovascular accidents 3)growth of tumours |
| strokes | form of cardiovascular disease (CVD) 1) ischemic stroke caused by blockage 2) hemorrhagic stroke caused by blood vessel rupture *speech therapy and other physical therapy useful in helping stroke victims -may cause a personality change |
| sensory afferents | carry sensory information TO brain VIA spinal ord -info about temperature, pressure, and pain -body position and balance -also cary information regarding vision, hearing, taste, and smell DIRECTLY to the brain WITHOUT engaging spinal cord |
| somatic nervous system | voluntary activity and control skeletal muscles |
| autonomic nervous system | involuntary activity control cardiac muscle of the hart, smooth muscle of the internal organs, and most glands *very important for maintenance of homeostasis this maintenance is achieved via sympathetic and parasympathetic systems *work together in an ANTAGONISTIC manner (while one works to increase an organ's activity, the other will work to decrease it eg) sympathetic stimulation incr. heart rate, parasympathetic decr. sympathetic disrupts digestive tract parasympathetic aids digestion feeling of butterflies in the stomach --> sympathetic stimulation |
| sympathetic nervous system | fight or flight response when triggered by hypothalamus -required to mobilize the body for stress or challenge |
| parasympathetic nervous system | re-establishes homeostasis in the system and promote reconstructive process following a stressful experience -most active when we are at rest |
| endocrine system | consists of a collection of glands found throughtout the body glads share one IMPORTANT trait: secrete hormones |
| endocrine system vs. nervous system | former: features control of a longer duration helps body cope with stressful situations control developmental phenomena eg)growth and metabolism latter: rapid control |
| main control centres for endocrine system | hypothalamus |
| pituitary gland | produces hormones that stimulate other glands rather than organs -produces 8 hormones |
| tropic hormones | hormones produced to stimulate other glands eg) ACTH: produced by anterior lobe of pituitary gland /stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol |
| two important glads in endocrine system | 1)thyroid gland regulate growth and immune function 2)adrenal gland produce cortisol which provides energy by helping the boy convert stored proteins and fats into glucose |
| common disease that results from a malfunction in the endocrine system | diabetes (caused by too little secretion (hyposecretion) of insulin/ one of the symptoms: extreme fatigue |
| insulin | hormone produced by pancreas adis in body's ability to convert blood sugar to energy lowers blood sugar levels while glucagons raise them |
| immune system | designed to monitor invasion of micro-organisms in the body and prevent spread and growth by eliminating them -guard against infection and growth of cells associated with disease 1) antigens micro-organisms that are foreign to our physiology 2) pathogens antigens that have potential to create disease |
| immune system's first line of defence | skin and mucus (where most* antigens are stopped) |
| when immune system detects an antigen, acts in one or more ways to eliminate it. This action can be either | specific or non-specific 1) specific immunity: protection against a particular antigen **acquired immunity: acquired sometime after birth/ result of prior exposure to the antigen eg)either by contracted the disease or inoculation *specific immune function is the consequence of acquired immunity 2)non-specific immunity: relies on a system we are born with. general* protection against antigens rather than against one specific antigen eg)inflammation |
| three aspects to its effective functioning | memory specificity tolerance |
| immune system memory | ability of certain immune system cells to adapt to an antigen and ''remember'' the antigen when it encounters it again and work to eliminate it eg)chicken pox more susceptible to certain disease when travel to foreign destinations |
| Cells of the Immune System | 1)B lymphocyte cells 2)Memory B-cells 3)Helper T-cells 4)Suppressor T-cells 5)Natural killer cells |
| B lymphocytes | produce antibodies that attack antigens produce antigen-specific for specific, acquired immunity |
| memory B-cells | particular kind of B lymphocyte -develops a memory for a specific antigen after being exposed to it and acts only on that specific antigen by producing antibodies |
| seroconversion | production of antibodies by memory B cells when exposed to a specific previously encountered and remembered antigen |
| Helper T-cells | T lymphocytes produce substances called interleukins that speed up division of B lymphocyte cells |
| a measure of how well our immune system is working | interleukin production IMMUNE-COMPETENCE |
| supressor T-cells | ''off-switch'' so antibodies aren't produced unnecessarily after antigen has been destroyed |
| B-cells and T-cells | work together to maintain immunity B-cells: take 5 or more days to generate specific antibodies occur more quickly when re-exposed to the antigen *reason why we receive inoculations before travelling work |
| specificity | respond to ONLY remembered* antigen |
| tolerance | react only to antigens, 'non-self' does not react to body's own cells |
| natural killer (NK) cells | specific job of seeking and destryong cells that are infected, cancerous, or altered in some other way |
| rapid and efficient production of lymphocytes | essental to immunocompetence -effective functioning of immune system |
| autoimmune diseases | occur when immune system works against the body's own cells one of the best known type: arthritis |
| circulatory system consists of | heart, vessels, and blood |
| pulmonary circulation | a closed loop between the heart and lungs in which blood is transferred from heart to lungs for the replenishment of oxygen |
| systemic circulation | a loop that links the heart to other body systems and returns oxygen-depleted blood |
| heart has a total of 4 chambers | upper two: atria receive blood returning to the heart and transfer it to the ventricles (pump the blood from the heart to either lungs -> pulmonary circulation OR other aspects of the body (systemic circulation) lower two: ventricles |
| right-side atrium received blood from systemic circulation | low in Oxygen and high in carbon dioxide this blood flows to right ventricle, pumped through pulmonary system via pulmonary artery |
| in the lungs | blood loses excess CO2, and picks up O2 -returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins. oxygen rich blood flows to left ventricle (pumped out via systemic circulation) |
| aorta | main artery carrying oxygen rich blood away from the heart |
| reason why left side of heart generate more pressure than the right side | left side of heart pumps blood to the entire body *left size of the heart muscle is thicker and stronger |
| authorhythmicity | capacity of a cardiac muscle cell to fire by itself -pulsing of heart is regulated by autorhythmic cells, which in turn stimulate contractile cells |
| contractile cells | require stimulation from other cells in order to fire -bring about contraction that constitutes the work of pumping |
| pulsing of heart is regulated by | autorhythmic cells (which in turn stimulate contractile cells) |
| electrical activity of the heart is important to health psychologists because | arrhythmia (irregular beating of the heart) can be caused by malfunction of autorhythmic* cells that are responsible for ''keeping time'' |
| arrhythmia can be brought on by many factors | anxiety lack of sleep caffeine nicotine alcohol disease process *symptoms of arrhythmia can be anxiety-inducing |
| systole | contraction of heart during pumping -heart is emptied |
| diastole | relaxation of heart during pumping -heart is filled |
| blood pressure | measured in terms of systolic and diastolic activity and reported as two numbers -> systolic pressure over diastolic pressure *systolic pressure is higher of two numbers *measured via sphygmomanometer *circulatory system uses a complex process to monitor and automatically adjust this/a function of cardiac output *important health consideration because serious complications can rise from hypertension |
| hypertension | abnormally high blood pressure in excess of 140/90 mm Hg -heart must work harder in the event of increased peripheral resistance from fatty deposits, which reduce artery diameter, and this can result in congestive heart failure or heart attack *particularly dangerous because it is asymptomatic |
| hypotension | abnormally low blood pressure below 100/60 mm Hg |
| asymptomatic | conditions that are NOT accompanied by palpable symtoms or sensations |
| two kinds of respiration getting oxygen in and CO2 outside of body as waste product | 1)internal cells using O2 and producing CO2 2)external taking in of O2 from external env't eg)breathing, exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the blood, transportation of O2 and CO2 by the blood, and exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissue |
| lungs | divided into 5 lobes, with left lung having 2 lobes and right lung having 3 |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | primary symptom: shortness of breath, tends to worsen with time Two most common forms of this: 1)chronic bronchitis inflammation that irritates the airways and blocks them by producing extra mucus 2)emphysema results from damaged or destroyed lung issue, causing large air pockets to be trapped in the lungs, making breathing difficult MAIN CAUSE OF EMPHYSEMA: cigarette smoking |
| lung disease most associated with cigarette smoking | lung cancer 29% men, 25% women |
| common respiratory condition | 1)asthma (greater risk for developing asthma for those who are predisposed to particular allergies and then exposed to those allergies, exposed to evn't toxins) 2)pneumonia i)lobar pneumonia infection of entire lobe of the lung (inflammation of alveoli -> infection causes inflammation spread to other organs ii)bronchial pneumonia restricted to bronchi and often occurs as complication of other illness such as cold or flu |
| two main causes of asthma | 1)inflammation of airways 2)narrowing of airways caused by muscle tightening or spasm |
| antibiotics | work on bacterial infections but not on viral one NO therapeutic value for viral infections |
| digestive system | consists of digestive tract and accessory digestive organs -relies on muscle activity muscles are skeletal and movements are voluntary |
| digestive tract | made up of mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus |
| 4 basic processes of digestive system | 1)motility 2)secretion 3)digestion 4)absorption |
| motility (one of basic processes of digestive system) | process of moving food through the system and mixing it with digestive juices -emotions affect this eg)fear and sadness DECREASE ___ and thus disrupt digestive process |
| small intestine | major site of absorption -contractions of smooth muscles in this area occur such that propulsive movements are slow |
| stomach (motility) | an important role in managing difference between rapid flow of food through esophagus and much slower flow through small intestine -> food sent quickly via esophagus and release it into small intestine at a rate that allows intestine to perform task of absorption -stomach begins mixing it with hydrochloric acid and enzymes to begin digestive process -emesis*: emptying of stomach's contents -common conditions i)vomiting ii)peptic ulcer |
| vomiting | medulla* contains vomit centre to initiate the process -may be caused by stimulation of back of throat; irritation of stomach or duodenum; rotation or acceleration of head, producing dizziness; ingestion of chemical agents;psychological factors -also caused by elevated intracranial pressure after a head injury |
| antiemetics | medicines designed to reduce nausea and impulse to vomit |
| peptic ulcer | walls of stomach and other parts of digestive trat are protected from pepsin by mucous layers. -but this layer breaks down in some cases, because of intrusion of bacteria called H.pylori (able to exist even in highly acidic world of stomach) -H.pylori secrete toxins that bring about inflammation that weakens this mucosal protection -pepsin begins to erode the wall of stomach, resulting in bleeding or escape of gastric contents -psychological factors such as stress can contribute to the dev'pt of ulcers by stimulating greater gastric secretion and more pepsin |
| secretion | along digestive tract, glands secrete fluids that aid in digestion -these glands receie hormonal and neural stimulation, drawing materials needed to produce these juices from the blood |
| digestion | enzymes produced within digestive system perform biochemical breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into molecular-size forms that allow for absorption -in the process of _____, carbohydrates are converted into simple sugars -> glucose, fructose, and galactose |
| foods high in carbohydrates should be consumed BEFORE athletic competition or physical exertion | two reasons for this 1) sugars derived from carbohydrates do provide a source of energy 2) carbohydrates move through digestive system more quickly than do fats and proteins -proteins are broken down into amino acids that constitue proteins |
| most fats are broken down from | triglyceride to monoglyceride form |
| absorption | nutrients move from digestive tract to blood stream and lymphatic system -occurs primarily in small intestine -motility, secretion, and digestion SUPPORT _____, by working to move the lumen along digestive tract, break it down, allow for clearing of tract in small intestine so it can continue its work unimpeded -problems with absorption 1)lactose intolerance -buildup of lactose in small intestine (cause accumulation of water) -bacteria in large intestine can use lactose as energy source -> move in and produce gases as they attack lactose -> result: painful cramping and diarrhea 2)malabsorption inability to efficiently absorb nutrients from digestive system (may be caused by gluten enteropathy) -symptoms of gluten enteropathy: diarrhea and weight loss -treated by modification of diet to eliminate gluten |
| kidney functions | -help us maintain our internal water balance, regardless of how much of it we drink or how much of it we lose via perspiration, vomiting, diarrhea, or bleeding -control electrolytes (substances dissolved in water capable of conducting electricity eg)salt (NaCl) -help maintain homeostasis by eliminating excess amounts of water and electrolytes -CANNOT produce, rather RETAIN -eliminate metabolic toxic waste materials from the body -important role in blood pressure regulation by controlling levels of water and salt in blood -consist of millions of tiny functional units called nephrons |
| those who study kidney diseases | nephrologists -workings of arteries and veins that flow into and out of the kidneys --> renal arteries and renal veins -> renal system |
| destructions of nephrons | gradually shut down functioning of one kidney or both |
| kidney dialysis | uses external devices to do work of kidneys |
| genito-urinary (GU) | reproductive system is located in close proximity to the urinary system -refer to this group when talking about prostate or ovarian cancer |
| primary organs responsible for reproduction | gonads in males: testes females: ovaries -produce sex hormones testosterone for males estrogen and progesterone for females testosterone and estrogen: regulate secondary sexual characteristics |
| primary functions of male reproductive system | production of sperm and transport that to female |
| female reproductive system | responsible for much more biological activity |
| one of methods used to assess progression of labour | cervical dilation |
| breast cancer | because of it that cancer rates are higher for women between ages of 30 and 39 |
| cardiovascular disease | Myocardial infarction (heart attack) Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) -the leading cause of mortality worldwide In Canada: -Kills 80 000 people each year -Accounts for 34% of deaths in men and 33% in women -Costs the health care system over $18 billion each year -These numbers are expected to increase |
| risks factors of cardiovascular disease | High blood pressure High LDLS, from saturated fats /HIGH HDL: GOOD cholesterol Triglyceride: vegetable oil, animal fats Diabetes, obesity, smoking, elasticity, Physical activity -> direct effect of elasticity on the arteries/ keep blood pressure down/ direct preventive behaivour of heart disease Excessive alcohol consumption |
| Atherosclerosis | Major cause of heart disease -Caused by deposit of cholesterol or other substances on the wall of arteries/ form plugs/ narrow arteries , make hard for blood to come through, incr. blood pressure, contribute to arteries becoming LESS elastic When arteries wall become damaged, inflammation -> walls of arteries cause immune system to repair/ get rid of it/ too much waste is getting accumulated -> constant of infammation/ heart has to pump stronger |
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