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ROM Grading full ROM against gravity, full resistance: 5 full ROM against gravity, some resistance: 4 full ROM with gravity: 3 full ROM with gravity eliminated (PROM): 2 slight contraction: 1 no contraction: 0 Muscle Strength Rating Scale normal strength: 5 movement against resistance, but less than normal: 4 movement against gravity, but not against resistance: 3 movement at joint, but not against gravity: 2 visible muscle movement, but no movement at joint: 1 no muscular contraction: 0 Flexion bending limb at joint Extension straightening limb at joint Abduction moving limb away from midline of body Adduction moving limb toward midline of body Pronation turning forearm so that palm is down Supination turning forearm so palm is up Circumduction moving arm in circle around shoulders Inversion moving sole of foot inward at ankle Eversion moving sole of foot outward at ankle Rotation moving head around central axis internal: turning toward midline external: turning away from midline Protraction moving body part forward and parallel to ground Retraction moving body party backward and parallel to ground Elevation raising body part Depression lowering body part Hyperextension extend body beyond anatomical position Allis Test for Baby check for hip dislocation by comparing leg lengths place baby's feet flat on table and flex knees up, should be same elevation Ortolani Maneuver check hips for congential dislocation for baby until 1 year old supine infant, flex knees, use thumb to hold inner mid-thighs, fingers outside hip touching greater trochanters, adduct legs until thumbs touch, gently lift and abduct to move knees apart and down to they touch table, should be smooth with no sounds Inspect Baby's Spine lift baby and pronate normal C curve on spine ROM and Muscle Strength of Baby stepping reflex baby that slips between hands shows weakness of shoulder muscles Genu Varum knees apart when space between knees is more than 2.5 cm normal for 1 year starting to walk resolves with growth Genu Valgum knees together when space between knees is less than 2.5 cm seen in 2-3.5 year olds no treatment indicated EX: rickets, poliomyelitis, syphilis Genu Recurvatum hyperextended knees Pes Planus flat feet Scoliosis lateral curvature, rotation seen in preadolescent growth spurt Lordosis exaggerated lumbar curve seen in pregnancy and obesity Kyphosis exaggerated thoracic curve seen in aging Osteoarthritis normally cartilage does not regenerate, degeneration in joint cartilage S&S: -stiffness in morning and after exercise -aching during changes in weather -grating of joint during motion -limited movement -poor posture -obesity -occupational stress