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gene part of the DNA code that controls a particular trait(determines heredity) chromosomes bundles of DNA and protein that appear in the nucleus of a cell during cell division chromatin long loose loops of DNA and protein found in the cells nucleus double helix "spiral-ladder" shape of DNA which conists of two nucelotide chains bases the nitrogen portion of a nucleotide, ex:cytosine, guanine, thymine, and adenine replication the process by which DNA is copied RNA single-stranded nucelotide chain used in protein production(synthesis) transcription the method by which the cell produces RNA from DNA messenger RNA (mRNA) a type of RNA that carries a copy of the genetic code for a protein from the nucleus to the ribosomes so that the protein can be manufactured transfer RNA (tRNA) a type of RNA tha collects free free amino acids and carries them to the ribosomes so that proteins can be assembled ribosomal RNA (rRNA) a type of RNA that serves as part of the structure of ribosomes translation the process of synthesizing a protein from an RNA "blueprint" mutations small random changes in the DNA code of an organism