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sensation process of detecting physical energy from the environment and encoding it into neural signals Bottom-Up Processing processing that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information Top-Down Processing information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations Absolute Threshold minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time Weber's Law to perceive as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than amt) light intensity- 8% weight- 2% tone frequency- 0.3% subliminal message stimulus that lies below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness Sensory adaptation diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation Transduction process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energy into neural messages audition the sense or act of hearing place theory herman von helmholtz pitch we hear is determined by the place where the colchleas membrane is stimulated. high frequency waves produce large vibrations near beginning of cochleas membrane. low near end frequency theory the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone thus enabling us to sense its pitch deaf culture "deafness is a disability" do not like cochlear implants or teaching the deaf how to speak cochlear implant a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into cochlea sound localization if sound hits borth ears at the same time you would not know where it is coming from so in order to tell one must turn their head so it goes to nearer ear a split second before the other. above behind infront below cannot tell where sound is coming from