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amplitude the height of a wave from the origin to a crest, or from the origin to a trough atomic emission spectrum a set of frequencies of electromagnetic waves given off by atoms of an element; consists of a series of fine lines of individual colors atomic orbital A three-dimensional region around the nucleus of an atom that describes an electron's probable location aufbau principle states that each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available de Broglie equation predicts that all moving particles have wave characteristics and relates each particle's wavelength to its frequency, its mass, and Planck's constant electromagnetic radiation A form of energy exhibiting wavelike behavior as it travels through space; can be described by wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed electromagnetic spectrum Includes all forms of electromagnetic radiation, with the only differences in the types of radiation being their frequencies and wavelengths electron configuration the arrangment of electrons in an atom, which is prescribed by 3 rules, the aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, & Hund's rule. electron-dot structure consists of an element's symbol, representing the atomic nucleus and inner-level electrons, that is surrounded by dots, representing the atom's valence electrons energy sublevel the energy levels contained within a principle energy level frequency the number of waves that pass a given point per second ground state the lowest allowable energy state of an atom Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that it is not possible to know precisely both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time Hund's rule states that single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same orbitals Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons may occupy a single atomic orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite spins photoelectric effect a phenomenon in which photoelectrons are emitted from a metal's surface when light of a certain frequency shines on the surface photon a particle of electromagnetic radiation having zero mass and carrying a quantum of energy Planck's constant h, which has a value of 6.6261x10^-34 Js, where J is the symbol for Joules principal energy level the major energy levels of an atom principal quantum number n, which the quantum mechanical model assigns to indicate the relative sizes and energies of atomic orbitals quantum The minimum amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom quantum mechanical model of the atom an atomic model in which electrons are treated as waves; also called the wave mechanical model of the atom valence electron the electrons in an atom's outermost orbitals; determine the chemical properties of an element wavelength The shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave; is usually expressed in meters, centimeters, or nanometers