Botany Test 2
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87 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Apical meristem | primary tissue formed: height and depth |
| Meristematic Tissue | apical meristem and lateral meristem; primary tissue |
| lateral meristem | vascular and cork cambium; secondary tissue |
| Non-meristematic tissue | does not undergo mitosis; simple tissue and complex tissue |
| simple non-meristematic tissues | parenchyma, collenchyma, schlerenchyma |
| apical meristem | SAM and RAM |
| primary growth in a plant | protoderm, ground meristem, procambium |
| protoderm | epidermis; for protection |
| ground meristem | ground tissue; storage |
| procambium | primary xylem and phloem; transport |
| lateral | vascular cambium, cork cambium, intercalary meristems: make up ______ meristem |
| vascular cambium produces: | fascicular cambium (secondary xylem and phloem) and interfascicular cambium (rays) |
| cork cambium produces: | phellem (cork), phelloderm (soft cork), phellogen (more cork cambium) |
| intercalary meristems | found only in monocots; increases stem length and left growth; do not have vascular/cork cambium |
| schlerenchyma tissue includes types of: | sclereids and fibers |
| parenchyma tissue | found everywhere in all major parts; soft, many sided shape; vacuole holds tannons/oil and starch); longevity; cell division (more cortex, pith, mesophyll of leaves, xylem, phloem) |
| parenchyma tissue | aerenchyma (lots of air spaces), chlorenchyma (lots of chloroplasts), transfer cells (cell wall extensions to increase surface area) are subtypes of _______ _________ |
| collenchyma tissue | thicker cell walls at corners; found just beneath epidermis; longer than wide; storage, strength, support |
| schlerenchyma tissue | very thick cell walls; dead at maturity/no active cytoplasm; support |
| schlerenchyma tissue | sclereids (seed coats, shell of nuts/fruits) and fibers (xylem, phloem, cortex for ropes and canvas) form __________ |
| complex tissues | xylem, phloem, epidermis, periderm are all simple/complex tissues? |
| xylem | conduct water and dissolved substances up the plant |
| xylem | cells in ___________: parenchyma, fibers, vessel elements, tracheids, ray cells |
| trachieds | thick secondary walls, tapered at the end; in cone-bearing trees and flowering trees |
| cone-bearing trees | xylem tissue in ______ trees: completely made of tracheids; walls have spiral thickening; most conduction up and some down; lateral flow by means of rays |
| flowering trees | xylem tissue in _______ trees: made of both xylem vessels and tracheids; most conduction up and some down; lateral flow by means of pits |
| rays | responsible for water flow laterally; parenchyma cells; found in horizontal rows in cross section; develop from vascular cambium |
| tracheids | dead at maturity; transport water and salt; in certain situation, a pair of pits is present when two ____ are in contact with each other (lateral flow) |
| pit | area of cell where there is no secondary wall formation; controls passage of water and minerals from cell to cell |
| torus | thickened region of pit membrane (part of pit) |
| phloem | conduction throughout plant of dissolved foods |
| phloem | ______ is composed of: sieve tube members, companion cells, fibers, parenchyma cells, ray cells |
| gymnosperms | sieve cells and albuminous cells (gymno/angio-sperms?) |
| phloem tissue | laid end to end forms sieve tubes; end walls have no large opening; end walls are filled with large pores; porous end walls called sieve plates; sieve tube elements have no nucleus; sieve tubes survive because of companion cells |
| angiosperm | Flowering plant |
| gymnosperms | pine trees (______sperms) |
| sieve cells | found in primary gymnosperms; have no nuclei; have no adjacent companion cells; have parenchyma cells (albuminous cells) |
| flowering plants and deciduous trees | sieve tube elements are found in: |
| epidermis tissue | outermost layer of plant; usually 1 cell thick |
| fatty substance | cutin |
| protective layer | cuticle |
| deposited on cuticle through microscopic channels in cell wall | wax |
| epidermis tissue | cutin, cuticle, and wax all compose which type of tissue? |
| root hairs | tubular extension of epidermal cell (provides for more surface area) |
| stomata | pores found in leaves and stems |
| trichome | gland cell of leaf |
| periderm tissue | in woody plants, epidermis is lost and replaced by _________. |
| suberin, waterproof, protects | protoplasm of cork cells secrete _______ into cork cell walls, making it ______, and ______ tissue beneath |
| phelloderm | tissue inside the cork cambium that is living |
| gas exchange between outside environment and interior cells | lenticles function: |
| lenticles | cork cambium produces loose pockets of cork cells; these cells are not impregnated with suberin (process that makes __________) |
| protoderm, procambium, ground meristem; primary | ___________, ______________, and ___________ make up the apical meristem. (Primary/Secondary) tissue |
| protoderm | epidermis is made from the ________ |
| procambium | ________ makes up primary xylem and phloem, and fascicular cambium |
| ground meristem | ________ is made up of ground tissue, pith and pith rays, and cortex |
| parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma | 3 tissue/cell types that make up ground tissue |
| cortex | interfascicular cambium and cork cambium derive from the ________ |
| phellem and phelloderm | _____ and _____ make up cork cambium |
| false | (T/F): phelloderm is secondary tissue that develops directly from phellem during the process of mitosis |
| true | (T/F): the youngest secondary xylem is the layer of cells closest to the vascular cambium |
| pectin | complex tissue cells are glued to each other by a material called ___________ |
| bordered pits | ________ occur where the primary wall remains intact, develop in tracheids, vessel members, and some fibers, have an expanded border of secondary wall that extends over the pit chamber, are a feature of secondary xylem |
| plasmodesmata | companion cells communicate with sieve elements by means of _______________ |
| dicotyledonous | a plant that forms an embryo with two seed leaves |
| internode | distance along the stem between points of leaf attachment |
| herbaceous | type of plant in which xylem cell walls are thin and not lignified |
| angiosperm | produces seeds with an ovary (____sperm) |
| terminal bud | a bud that forms at the tip of a branch |
| soft wood | gymnosperm wood |
| stolon | a stem that grows horizontally above ground |
| springwood | (season-wood) xylem tissue with large diameter vessels |
| fusiform initial | a meristematic cell that divides longitudinally to produce elongated xylem elements such as vessels |
| corm | a propagule that stores reserves in stem tissue rather than leaf tissue |
| alternate | phyllotaxis: plants with one leaf per node and leaves positioned at 180 degrees from each other |
| spiral | phyllotaxis: one leaf per node but the angle divergence between leaves is 137.5 degrees |
| opposite | phyllotaxis: plants with two leaves per node where the angle of divergence between successive pairs is 90 degrees |
| whorled | phyllotaxis: three or more leaves per node |
| bulb | a short stem surrounded by fleshy storage leaves known as scales |
| rhizome | a thickened stem that grows below the ground often horizontally |
| cladophyll | flattened photosynthetic stems that look and function like leaves |
| tuber | an enlarged terminal portion of an underground stem that funciton in storage |
| thorn | stems that arise in leaf axils and function in protection against predators |
| open | stomata open/close when water potential moves from epidermal cells to guard cells |
| close | stomata open/close when water potential moves from guard cells to epidermal cells |
| pressure, solute | water potential = ______ potential + _______ potential |
| dead, thick, lignin, impermeable, none, water and minerals, leaves, upwards, fibers | xylem: made of ____ cells, thickness, cell wall material: _____, permeable?, cytoplasm? transports ______, carried to ________, direction of flow: _______, tissue also has _______ |
| living, thin, cellulose, permeable, lining, food, growing parts and storage organs, up and down, companion cells | phloem: made of ____ cells, thickness, cell wall material: _____, permeable?, cytoplasm? transports ______, carried to ________, direction of flow: _______, tissue also has _______ |
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