Phys Ex - Chapter 9
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dpace329 Plus on November 1, 2011
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47 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What are the three pulmonary functions? | Supplying oxygen required in metabolism. Eliminate CO2 produced in metabolism. Regulate hydrogen ion concentration to maintain acid-base balance. |
| What occurs during inspiration that allows air to flow into the body? | The ribs rotate and lift up away from the body. The diaphragm descends, and the sternum thrusts outward. These three actions decrease pressure in the thoracic region causing air to rush into the body and into the lungs. |
| Why is expiration predominantly a passive process? | Because air moves out of the lungs from the recoil of stretched lung tissue and relaxation of the inspiratory muscles. The sternum and ribs swing in and down, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward. This increases air pressure inside and causes it to move out of the chest cavity. |
| An average-sized adult's lung capacity is approximately how many liters? | 4 to 6 L |
| Why is the surface area of the lung so important for gas exchange? | Alveoli increase surface area so that more gas can diffuse across at once. It increases efficiency of the lungs. However, as we age, the alveoli are less functional. |
| What lipoprotien mixture of phospholipids, proteins, and calcium ions in the lungs helps to reduce surface tension and the energy needed for alveolar inflation and deflation? | Surfactant, COPD is a disease where surfactant is insufficient |
| What is tidal volume? | Amount of air you inhale or exhale. Not just when you are at rest but with changes in physical activity too. Tidal volume affects VO2 max. |
| What is a common problem with most athletes' tidal volumes? | Many athletes don't exhale as much as they should, causing them not to inhale as much as they could be as they don't have the room to put that oxygen. Therefore, they spend more energy on breathing that could be spent on activity. |
| Describe the relationship between ventilation rate and oxygen consumption. | As we exercise faster, the more we are required to ventilate to get oxygen into the mitochondria. This increase in ventilation causes an increase in oxygen consumption. Increase in minute ventilation causes us to go into our IRV, more than our ERV. |
| What is hyperventilation? | An increase in ventilation that exceeds the oxygen consumption and CO2 elimination needs of the metabolism. Ratio is greater than 25 to 1. We often have a little hyperventilation at the start of the workout. |
| What is dyspnea? | An inordinate shortness of breath or distress in breathing. After starting workout, dyspnea replaces hyperventilation to bring body back to normal breathing. |
| Where is the anatomical dead space? | The mouth, nose, lungs, bronchi, and bronchioles. |
| What is a Valsalva Maneuver? | Holding one's breath after a full inpsiration while maximally exerting expiratory muscles. This creates compressive force inside body that increases intrathoracic pressure above atmospheric pressure. Prolonged Valsalva diminishes brain's blood supply, causing dizziness or fainting. |
| What happens to the respiratory tract during cold weather? | It loses water and heat during strenuous exercise, causing dehydration, dry mouth, and a burning sensation in the throat. Respiratory passages are generally irritated. |
| How many liters of oxygen leave the alveoli and enter the blood each minute during rest? | 250 mL |
| How many liters of carbon dioxide leave the blood and diffuse back into the alveoli during rest? | 200 mL |
| T or F: Sedentary living (lack of exercise), rather than actual aging, accounts for the largest changes in lung volumes and pulmonary function. | True |
| What is minute ventilation? | Breathing rate X Tidal volume. Volume of air breathed in and out each minute. |
| T or F: Tidal volume rarely increases over 55 to 65% of vital capacity. | True |
| What is alveolar ventilation? | The portion of minute ventilation that mixes with the air in the alveolar chambers. It determines the gaseous concentrations at the alveolar-capillary membrane. |
| What is the physiologic dead space? | The portion of the alveolar volume with poor tissue regional perfusion and inadequate ventilation. |
| T or F: In most cases, conscious manipulation of breathing detracts from the exquisitely regulated ventilatory adjustments the body makes during exercise. | True - conscious attempts to modify breathing pattern confer no physiologic or performance benefits. |
| Which of the following techniques provides better alveolar ventilation for an athlete during exercise? a) faster breathing rate b) deeper breathing to increase tidal volume, lower breathing rate c) forced expiration after a normal tidal volume breath d) nothing can provide, see table 9.1 | B - deeper breaths at a slower rate. Decreases dead space ventilation. |
| Name the three disruptions in normal breathing patterns? | Dyspnea, Hyperventilation, and the Valsalva maneuver. |
| What device do we use to measure pulmonary dimensions and lung functions? | Spirometer - either water filled or electronic. |
| To what do we compare measured values of spirometry lung function with? | Values for that body type, size, and age. |
| T or F: Forced lung capacity measurements are poor predictors of VO2 max. | True |
| What are two factors that effect dynamic lung function tests? | Maximum lung volume expired (FVC) and speed of moving a volume of air. |
| T or F: Exercise Induced Asthma if a form of COPD. | True |
| T or F: The exchange of gases between lung volume and the blood and their movement at the tissue level takes place passively by diffusion. | True |
| What are dynamic lung function tests useful and not useful for? | Indicate severity of obstructive and restrictive lung diseases. Do not provide much information on aerobic fitness or exercise performance when values are within normal range. |
| T or F: Oxygen is transported in both the physical solution of the blood as well as combined with hemoglobin in the red blood cells. | True |
| What does VE stand for? | Ventilatory Equivalent. Describes ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen consumption. 25 to 1. Maintains relatively steady during steady rate exercise. |
| T or F: Ventilatory Equivalent is affected by exercise mode. | True |
| T or F: In intense submaximal exercise, minute ventilation moves sharply upward and increases disproportionately in relation to oxygen consumption. | True |
| What is Ventilatory Threshold? | The point at which VE goes above 25 to 1. The point at which pulmonary ventilation increases disproportionately with oxygen consumption during graded exercise. |
| What the three functions of measuring Lactate Threshold? | Providing sensitive indicator of aerobic training status. Predicts endurance performance with greater accuracy than VO2 max. Establishes an effective training intensity geared to the active muscles' aerobic metabolic dynamics. |
| T or F: Ventilatory threshold is a disproportionate relationship between oxygen consumption and ventilation. | T - greater than 25 to 1 |
| T or F: Anaerobic Threshold is equal to Ventilatory Threshold. | True - because lactate builds up faster and body can no longer compensate. We start to hyperventilate because of CO2 buildup. |
| Where does the point of OBLA (onset of blood lactate) occur? | Above anaerobic threshold, when you reach lactate level of 4. About same spot as respiratory compensation. |
| The point of OBLA increases with aerobic training but what does not increase along with it? | VO2 max |
| T or F: Endurance training improves the exercise intensity at which OBLA occurs. | True |
| T or F: the exercise intensity at OBLA consistently and powerfully predicts endurance exercise performance of men and women. | True |
| Why do African runners have a better running economy and perform better in heat? | Smaller size. |
| T or F: Pulmonary ventilation does not play a significant role in VO2 max. | False |
| T or F: Static lung function tests are not a good indicator of VO2 max. | True |
| T or F: Athletes that cannot conquer smoking habit should at least stop 24 hours before competition. | True |
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