Middle East Historical Areas and peoples
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31 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Sumer | (4000-2400BC) Ubaid Period. Location: Modern day southern Iraq Earliest Cities: Erida, Lagash, Ur, Uruk. Religion: Polytheistic. Government: Theocratic. Architecture: Ziggurat Epic of Gilgamesh |
| Akkad | (2350-2150 BC) First Semites- from Arabian Peninsula Location: Mesopotamia Surgon "The Great" & The First Empire Capital: Babylon Religion: Polytheistic Lived north of sumer was united with Sumer witha capital at ur |
| Phonecians | (1200-539 BC) Lebanon based Seafaring peoples First products First alphabet Purple Dye |
| Medes | (630-550 BCE) First Persian Empire until Achaemenians. Settled in the foothills of the Zagoros Mts. and by the 6th century BCE established a great empire under their vigorous rulers the Acheamenians (559-330 BCE) led by Cyrus the Great |
| Ur III | (2125- 2000 BC) Nammu ca. 2112- 2095 The Code of Ur Nammu is the oldest known law code in history |
| Kurds | Iran, Iraq, SE Turkey (most), Syria -Kurdish -Sunni Islam, some Shia in Iran -believe they're being bypassed by world powers b/c don't have Kurdistan -Turks don't allow them to use their own language |
| Turkey | main ethno-linguistic people: Turks, Kurds minority -1453: fall of Constantinople to Turks, renamed Istanbul -ended in WW1 -Turkish (more Asian) -Sunni, small minority Alevi Shia |
| Armenians | -Turkey around Mt Ararat, Lake Van -little left from the Soviet Union -speak Armenian -people forced out of Turkey, some fled to Lebanon (Dr. Tchakerian), Iran/Iraq -religion: Orthodox Christian (first nation to embrace Christianity) Armenian apostolic |
| Lebanon | -Shia, mostly in the South -Shias migrated to Lebanon from prosecution -Sunni, Christians (Marianad, Orthodox, Armenian, etc), Jews -Arabic language |
| Egypt | -Arabic language -Cairo cultural center of Arab world -90% Sunni Muslim, others Christians (Coptic- largest Christian denomination in the ME) |
| Libya | -95% Sunni, Arabic, others Berbers (West) -UN Heritage sites: Berber city Ghadames |
| Iran | -50-60% Persian -35% Azeri Turks (speak Azeri and Persian) -others Kurds, |
| Iraq | 3 major ethnic groups: Sunni (center), Shia (south), Kurds (north) -Shia majority 55% |
| Oman | -Ibadi: neither Sunni nor Shia but they're Muslim (75%) -some (Sultan) Sunni |
| Syria | - 75% Sunni, 25% mostly Alawi Shia (don't confuse with Alevi- Turkish Shia), Christians -Alawi different than other Muslims (use celebrations, customs of other religions- "not pure"), from northern mountains but left from persecution -run by Shia |
| Fatimids | -centered in Egypt -absolute hereditary shia monarchy -est. Cairo and Al-Azhar Mosque (university) -conquered by Saladin (Kurdish ancestry) 1171, Sunni rule re-est. Saladin est Ayyubid dynasty until Mamluks arrive |
| Mamluks | -slave dynasty -originated in Turkey, Moved to Egypt -dynasty lasted from 1250 until 1517 (arrival of Ottoman Turks in Egypt |
| Acheamenians | -centered in Persia -Overthrew the Medes Empire -religion: Zoroastrianism |
| Assyria | (850 to 612 B.C.)a historical kingdom of Northern Mesopotamia around present-day Iraq and Turkey famous for being a center of learning as well as war-like with Nineveh as its capital a nation and empire that came to control all of the Fertile Crescent, Egypt and much of Anatolia, Assyria conquered Israel. Was eventually destroyed by Babylonians and medes who took ninevah in 612 bce |
| Neobabylonia | Ruled by Chaldean King Nebuchnezzar 604-562 BC Hanging gardens of Babylon trade=lucrative routes export textiles/import-metals babylon-religious, political, cultural, economic center of empire Last native Mesopotamian Empire |
| Amorites | Name means westerner in amorite. The first babylonian empire and absorbed Sumer. Migrated from the Syrian desert to mesopotamia in 4000 bce Hammurabi the great |
| Talanids | -Turkish -brief Islamic Dynasty -Egypt and Levant |
| Aramaeans | Inland traders Aramaic became the lingua franca of commerce Conquered by the Assyrians in 732 BCE |
| Parthian | (230 BCE- 226 CE)Iranian Empire that arose after Alexander the Great destroyed the Persian Empire Extended over the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia. Capitals: Seleucia and Ctesiphon. |
| Byzantine | Eastern Roman Empire. Founded by the first eastern Emporer Constantine Capital: Constantinople |
| Ummayad | (661-750) Empire based in Syria Capital in Damascus Religion: Islam Conquered North Africa and into Spain. Imperial Dynastic and dominated by an Arab military Aristocracy |
| Abbasid | (750-) seized control of the Arab Empire from the Ummayad and moved the capital from Damascus to Mesopotamia. Capital: Baghdad Harun al-Rashid Relgion: Islam |
| Seljuk | (1070s-~1330)Turks from Central Asia, Centered Empire in Anatolia Religion: Islam Spread Islam into Anatolia after defeating the Byzantine armies. |
| The Natufians | 14,000 - 11,500 BP(Before 1950) Unusually sedentary hunter gatherers. First people that we know lived in the Levant Palestine, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebannon First forgers to settle and begin agriculture |
| Hittites | Anatolia- Asia Minor 1600-1200 BC Hattusa Indo-Europeans Military Regime Monopoly of Iron |
| Mitanni | 1500-1300 BC Ancestors of the Kurds Hurrian people Center around the Khabur River |
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