| Term | Definition |
|---|
| discrete emotions theory | theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions |
| primary emotions | small number of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross culturally universal |
| motivation-structural rules | deep-seated similarities in communication across most animal species |
| display rules | cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions |
| cognitive theories of emotion | theory proposing that emotions are products of thinking |
| James-Lange theory of emotion | theory proposing that emotions result from out interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli |
| somatic marker theory | theory proposing that we use our "gut reactions" to help us determine how we should act |
| Cannon-Bard theory | theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions |
| two-factor theory | theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution of that arousal |
| mere exposure effect | phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it |
| facial feedback hypothesis | theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain altering our experience of emotions |
| nonverbal leakage | unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior |
| proxemics | study of personal space |
| Pinocchio response | supposedly perfect physiological or behavioral indicator of lying |
| guilty knowledge test | alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't |
| integrity tests | questionnaires that presumably assess workers' tendency to steal or cheat |
| positive psychology | discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths |
| broaden and build theory | theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly |
| positivity effect | tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age |
| affective forecasting | ability to predict our own and others' happiness |
| durability bias | belief that our good and bad moods will last longer than they do |
| hedonic treadmill | tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances |
| positive illusions | tendencies to perceive ourselves more positively than others do |
| defensive pessimism | strategy of anticipating failure and then compensating this expectation by mentally over-preparing for negative outcomes |
| motivation | psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction |
| drive reduction theory | theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states |
| homeostasis | equilibrium |
| Yerkes-Dodson law | inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand, and affect and performance on the other |
| incentives theory | theory proposing that we're often motivated by positive goals |
| hierarchy of needs | model, developed by Abraham Maslow, proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to much more complex needs |
| glucostatic theory | theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose |
| leptin | hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used |
| set point | value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain |
| internal-external theory | theory holding that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues |
| desire phase | phase in human sexual response triggered by whatever prompts sexual interest |
| excitement phase | phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it |
| orgasm (climax) phase | phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women |
| resolution phase | phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being |
| proximity | physical nearness, an indication of attraction |
| similarity | extent to which we have things in common with others, a predictor of attraction |
| social identity support | fact that our friends prop up our sense of self or the social roles we play |
| reciprocity | rule of give and take, an indicator of attraction |
| passionate love | love marked by powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one's partner |
| companionate love | love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one's partner (intimacy and commitment) |
| liking | intimacy |
| romantic love | passion + intimacy |
| infatuation | passion |
| fatuous love | passion + commitment |
| empty love | commitment |
| consumate love | intimacy + passion + commitment |
Combine with other sets
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