AP European History: Test 2 (Chapters 15 and 16)
About this set
Created by:
cmazer on November 1, 2011
Subjects:
Description:
Please add definitions! This is a list of terms that I think could possibly ever be an id.
- means i don't think it will likely be on the test
* means the term is blue and bold in the book
Classes:
11th Grade ISS (Class of 2014)
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
140 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 *Malacca | A key port city that dominated trade. Located on the South China Sea. Basically whoever controlled Malacca, controlled eastern trade |
| *Entrepôt | trading post to which goods were shipped for temporary storage; like a warehouse |
| Prester John | A legend. Supposedly was a descendant from one of the kings who visited Jesus. Had defeated Muslims in an intense battle and was very rich. Christian explorers believed that if they found him, he would help eradicate Islam and make the explorers (and subsequently kings) very rich. |
| Mohammed II | A Turkish Ottoman Sultan. The Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople under his rule. Significant because western Europe getting cut off from Constantinople's trade, and this will eventually cause problems for slave trade |
| Suleiman I | A Turkish Ottoman emperor. Continued to cut western Europe off from the Balkans. Gained control of sea trade on the eastern Mediterranean. |
| *Prince Henry the Navigator | A Portuguese prince who personally invest a lot of money to fund exploration. His goal was to find Prester John and eliminate Islam. He set up a research center in Sagres and has the plan to navigate around Africa. He really pushed for and funded exploration; after he died, Portuguese exploration completely period stops for a period of time. |
| *General History of the Indies | detailed, eye-witness account of plants, animals, and peoples in Africa, Asia, and the Americas |
| *Caravel (and galley) | A ship created to be able to cross the Atlantic. More stable, more maneuverable, and held more cargo than galley. |
| *Ptolemy's Geography | By a Hellenized Egyptian. Written in the 2nd century B.C.E. synthesized the geographical knowledge of the classical world |
| -King John II | Commences funding for Portuguese exploration in an attempt to fulfill his dream to reach India. |
| Bartholomew Diaz | A Portuguese explorer. John II funded his expedition. succeeds in rounding the tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope), but returns to Portugal because of bad storms. |
| *Vasco da Gama | A Portuguese explorer. He sails all the way around Africa to India for King Manuel and is able to trade with the Indians, but he did not establish any lasting trading alliances. |
| -King Manuel | Portuguese king. Funds Vasco da Gama's expedition to find a trading route with Asia around Africa. |
| Pedro Alvares Cabral | A Portuguese explorer. Funded by King Manuel to establish trading posts in India. Succeeded after being blown in opposite direction across the Atlantic and claiming Brazil for Portugal. |
| Alfonso de Albuquerque | Portuguese, crown-appointed governor of India. Claimed key cities and ports (Malacca, Calicut, Cape Town area) in order to control the major trade route |
| *Christopher Columbus | Genoese mariner; "discovered" the Americas in 1492 after finally receiving the financial support from Isabella of Spain. Was a bad administrator of colonies. Was relatively nice to the Native Americans he encountered. |
| *Santa fe capitulations | Agreement between Isabella and Christopher Columbus. Stated that 1) he was viceroy over any territory he might discover and 2) he got 1/10 of the profits from the voyage |
| Amerigo Vespucci | A Florentine seaman. Was the first to describe America as a different continent from Asia |
| *Treaty of Tordesillas | (1494) treaty that gave Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and Portugal everything to the east of that line |
| *Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese mariner but sailed for Spain; was commissioned to find a direct route to Asia. 1st person to circumnavigate the world- took him 3 years |
| John Cabot | Genoese merchant living in London; sailed for Brazil but discovered Newfoundland. The next year he returned and explored the New England coast, perhaps going as far south as Delaware |
| Jacques Cartier | French explorer who traveled around Canada. Established French province of Quebec. |
| *Hernando Cortés | Spanish Conquistador who conquered and completely destroyed Tenochtitlan/ Aztec Empire. Caused huge influx of wealth for Spain. |
| *Tenochtitlán (Aztecs) | (now Mexico City) capital of the sophisticated Aztec empire ruled by Montezuma II; larger than any European city of the time, the capital was the heart of a civilization with advanced mathematics, astronomy, and engineering, with a complex social system, and with oral poetry and historical traditions. |
| Montezuma II | Ruler of Tenochtitlan at the time of Cortes's arrival. Eventually executed by Spaniards after he and his people rebelled against Alvarado. |
| Alvarado | When Cortes left Tenochtitlan temporarily this was the name of the lieutenant left in charge. He was aggressive and caused the Aztecs to revolt. When Cortés returned he was allowed to rejoin his besieged troops. |
| -*Virocha | The Incan god. The Incans confused this god with the christian god of the conquistadors, so the Incas initially welcomed the Spaniards. |
| Atauhualpa | Won the decisive battle for the crown in the Incan empire against his half-brother. The same day, Pizarro landed on South America. He Knew that the Spaniards were enemies, and his plan was to lure the Spaniards into a trap. However, he captured and killednby Spaniards because they told him to go unarmed. Spaniards got a lot of gold and money... |
| *Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered Incas and defeated Atauhualpa. Got a lot of new wealth for Spain. |
| *Encomienda system | where the Crown granted the conquerors the right to employ groups of Amerindians as agricultural or mining laborers or as tribute payers. (legalized form of slavery) |
| Bartholomé de Las Casas | Franciscan missionary who said Amerindians had human rights. Had Charles V abolish abuses of encomienda sytem |
| Juan de Pareja | Spanish religious and portrait painter; slave of the artist Diego Velazquez; Valezquez gave Pareja freedom |
| Royal African Company | A slave trading monopoly based in London was chartered in 1672 but in 1698 England threw open the trade with independent nations. The supply of slaves in North America increased when the Royal African Company inaugurated direct shipments from west Africa to the main land. The British monarchy for example chartered the East India Company, the Hudson's Bay Company, and the Royal African Company as trading monopolies in there respective regions. |
| *Colombian Exchange | Exchange of fauna and flora between the new world and old world caused by Age of Discovery |
| Miguel Lopez de Legazpi | Spanish navigator. sailed from Mexico took city of Manila, Philippines. . Manila served as transpacific bridge between Spanish America and extreme eastern trade. |
| Philip II | Son of Charles V and a devout Catholic, he was the Hapsburg ruler of Spain from 1556-98. He led the Spanish Counter-Reformation but failed to invade Protestant England with his Spanish Armada. |
| Mary Queen of Scots | Catholic cousin to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded. |
| Duke of Parma | commander of the Spanish forces in the Netherlands, advised Philip to attack England to hurt the Netherlands: Armada |
| *(Spanish) Armada | Started because of a clusterfu-ck between Philip II of Spain, Elizabeth I of England, and Mary Queen of Scots (1688) the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power. |
| *Skepticism | a school of thought that says that total certainty or definitive knowledge is not attainable |
| -Cultural relativism | suggests that one culture is not necessarily superior to another, just different. Extremely novel idea for the 16th century. |
| Michel de Montaigne | French author who invented the essay genre as a personal reflection on a subject - Purpose of essay is to reveal author's mind not to convince or motivate and is humanistic in its affirmation of the individual's importance discussed cultural relativism and skepticism |
| -Elizabethan and Jacobean literature | Shakespeare, Philip Sidney, Authorized Bible (King James Bible) |
| William Shakespeare | actor and playwright in Elizabethan literature; owned globe theater, which played his own work after 1603; famous for originality of characters, diversity of plots, understanding of human psychology, and unexcelled gift for language; he was a renaissance man in his appreciation for classical culture, individualism, and humanism; wrote comedies, tragedies, and histories; people see themselves in his characters |
| King James Bible | this new translation of the Bible was commissioned out of the Hampton Court conference by which James I responded to the Millenary Petition; in 1611, this was published as an eloquent, authorized version of the Bible |
| *Absolute monarchy (absolutism) | monarchy holds all power and does not have to share power with another governing body, has total soveriengty over legislative and coercive powers |
| *Constitutionalism | The theory that power should be shared between rulers and their subjects and the state governed according to laws. |
| *Moral Economy | economic system in which community needs predominate over competition and profit. Justified actions such as bread riots in which "just price" is left after a break in of a shop in the price is too high for bread |
| *Sovereignty | When a state has complete monopoly over justice and the ability to enforce it (and laws) if needed [army] |
| *Popular revolts (bread riots) | Revolts that occurred because of increased pressure of taxation, warfare, and bad harvests which specifically effected the peasants because it caused increased prices of bread. Common throughout Western Europe |
| Leviathan | published in 1651 was written by Thomas Hobbes was a theoretical justification for absolute monarchial authority. Means "great sea monster." 1. people in a natural state are aggressive and competitive 2. basically, we all have the same ability 3. world without government = chaos, a society that is incapable of advancement Government contracts to prevent the state of nature from returning, and the people contract to obey and be governed by the government. Government's power is really unlimited: it is sovereign and there are no boundaries because it makes the laws. |
| Thomas Hobbes | wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society |
| Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) | First Bourbon king of France. Was king because he won the war of the 3 Henries. 1. must end civil war: converted to Catholicism from Calvinism to bring peace after the French Civil War (Paris is worth a mass); passed the Edict of Nantes 2. build strong monarchy but needs $: cuts taxes on peasants, raise taxes on nobles Was also assassinated in 1610. |
| -Paulette | annual taxes on the French nobles holding tax exempt offices created by Henry IV and Sully (basically creating a tax loophole) |
| Duke of Sully (Maximilien de Béthune) | Financial advisor to Henry IV - advises to cut the taxes of peasants and raise taxes on nobles |
| *Edict of Nantes | document that allowed Protestants to fortify 150 towns in which they could practice freedom of public worship. Passed by Henry IV in an attempt to end religious conflict |
| Marie de' Medici | Ruled as Louis XIII's regent and appointed Cardinal Richelieu to the Council of Ministers. |
| Cardinal Richelieu | The chief minister in France from 1624 to 1642. Is very effective because he is not corrupt- has no family and is not interested in personal power. His goal is to great a strong, absolutist state in which the monarchy is sovereign. 1. 1st law he makes is to stop dueling: opposite of sovereignty- people taking law into their own hands 2. destroys castles: symbol of nobles' power, independence, and specialness 3. builds efficient bureaucracy: generalites, intendants 4. revises the Edict of Nantes: gets rid of 150 fortified cities (La Rochelle causes a problem) 6. creates French Academy: unification and standardization of language 7. his foreign policy is to weaken enemies (30 yrs war fighting with protestants even though France is Catholic) |
| Louis XIII | French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici, Cardinal Richelieu, and wealthy nobles. |
| *Intendants | Richelieu created these royal officials to take away powers from the nobles, keep the king up-to-date about local stuff, and to enforce royal law. They recruited men for the army, supervised tax collection, administered local law, watched over local nobility, and regulated economic activities. |
| Généralités | France was divided into 32 districts that each had an intendant |
| *Noblesse de robe | The new judicial nobility in France. Were intendants. Since they were appointed by king, they were usually from the wealthy middle class (kings didn't want people that would just disobey them). hint: not the noblesse d'epée :) |
| La Rochelle | Huguenot rebellion in 1627 in La Rochelle, supported by English, was ended by Richelieu and the Peace of Alais. Centralized power in France. |
| Raison d'état | Political theory articulated by French statesmen Richelieu (1585-1642) that holds that the interests and needs of the state may take precedence over traditional moral and international law. |
| Cardinal Jules Mazarin | Richelieu's successor as chief minister. Continued Richelieu's policies in order to strengthen the (absolutist) government. Was significantly more corrupt that Richelieu because was looking out for his own interests. |
| Queen Mother Anne of Austria | Her son was Louis XIV, and she was also his regent. Because she is a regent, power of the crown declines, and the nobles see an opportunity to strengthen their positions- the Fronde. Anne rules France during the Fronde |
| *Fronde | Means "slingshot." A series of civil wars in France by nobles against Louis XIV's and Mazarin's authority attempts to increase taxes on them; they were unable to overthrow Mazarin. |
| *Noblesse d'épée | "Sword Nobility." Refers to the old established French nobles. Also fought in the Fronde. |
| Louis XIV | king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles. Really was the king who established a strong, lasting absolute monarchy in France. Largest supporter of classicism, loved theater and ballet. *Revokes Edict of Nantes- Huguenots must either convert or leave |
| *Divine right of kings | the belief that kings have a god given right to rule backed the idea of absolutism in many cases |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert | Financial minister for Louis XIV (Sully's successor), furthered prosperity by promoting good farming methods, building roads and canals (infrastructure), promoted existing industries with tariffs, aided new industries with subsidies, and increased mercantilism by establishing French trading posts in India and North American colonies |
| *Mercantilism | an economy in which success is based on the amount of precious metals that state has. wealth = precious metals. (really the success of an economy needs to be based on the balance of trade; export more than you import) |
| Robert La Salle | French explorer who claimed lots of land around Mississippi river delta. Called it "Louisiana." |
| *Estates General | a federal assembly which handled matters of foreign affairs, such as war, but DID NOT possess sovereign authority; all issues had to be referred back to the local estates for approval. |
| Marquis de Louvois | Secretary of state for war under Louis XIV. Basically created the modern army. 1. builds a better system of logistics; less pillaging and plundering --> less destructive wars 2. standardization of supplies; uniforms --> created uniformity and lose individualism |
| -Claude Le Peletier | Colbert's successor as minister of finance in France. Kinda sucked because he reinstated bad ways of getting income like selling offices and tax exemptions to the nobles. Also, he did not cut taxes on the poor people (had to pay initial taxes as well as new ones) |
| War of Spanish Succession | War between the Hapsburgs and the French for the right to the Spanish throne |
| Charles II | Spanish King whose death in 1700 causes the War of Spanish Succession (has no male hier) |
| Philip of Anjou | Louis XIV's grandson; Charles II gives Spain to him after Charles' death in 1700 |
| *Peace of Utrecht | The Peace of Utrecht was achieved in 1713. The war was "War of the Spanish Succession" (1701-1713). The war was over Frances Louis XIV claiming the succession of the Spanish throne, but was opposed by the Dutch, English, Austrians and Prussians. Louis's grandson, Phillip, remained the Bourbon king on the understanding that the French and Spanish crowns would never be united. The Peace of Utrecht had important international consequences. It represented the balance of power principle in operation; setting limits on to the extent to which any power-in this case, France- could expand. The treaty completed the decline of Spain as a great power. It vastly expanded the British Empire. In addition, it gave European powers experience in international cooperation, thus preparing them for the alliances against France at the end of the century. The Peace of Utrecht marked the end of France's expansionist policy. |
| Philip III | Spanish King, *king of Spain after his father; intent on resolving all of Spain's European conflicts so that when the Twelve Years' Truce ended, he could turn his full attention to recovering his Burgundian inheritance; these hoped were disappointed by the outbreak of war in central Europe; gained possession of a vital link in his supply route between Italy and the Netherlands; "ever optimistic", he died in 1621 |
| Philip IV | King of Spain (r. 1621-1665) became king when Spain resumed large-scale fighting against the Dutch and the French. Burdens became too much under this regime and the effort to maintain committed to war brought spain down. Chief minister was Olivares |
| Count-Duke Olivares (Gaspar de Guzmán) | Phillip IV of Spain left his federal kingdoms to Gaspard de Guzman, Count-Duke of Olivares. Olivares was an able minister. He did not lack energy and ideas; he devised new sources of revenue. However, he clung to the grandiose belief that the solution to Spain's difficulties rested in imperial tradition. Unfortunately, the imperial demanded the revival of the war with the Dutch at the expiration of a twelve-year truce in 1622 and a long war with France over Mantua (1628-1659). Spain thus became embroiled in the Thirty Years' War. These conflicts, on top of an empty treasury, brought disaster. (547-548) |
| Treaty of Pyrenees | This was signed in 1659 to end the war between Spain and France that had begun during the thirty years war and the kings louis XIV of france and philip IV of spain were represented at the signing on pheasant island.---treaty ending spanish/french wars making spain surrender |
| *Don Quixote (Miguel de Cervantes) | spanish literature representative of the time. The glory of the past being destroyed by the economic squalor of the present. |
| *Viceroyalties | Spanish administrative divisions in the New World (there were 4 of them) |
| -Charles III | introduced the system of intendants into the New World (who were responsible directly to the monarchy in Madrid) |
| *Quinto | 1/5 of all of the precious metals mined in South America; went to the Spanish crown |
| *Baroque | Primary ideas: emotion, drama, heroism |
| Caravaggio | Southern Baroque painter. Gestures are strong and exaggerated like an actors, figure jump out at sharp dramatic angles, dark backgrounds make striking effect, fugitive from justice, rebeller and fighter. Martyrdom of St. Matthew. |
| Carracci | Southern Baroque painter. Greek and Roman mythology: gestures and animations are animated. Emphasized action and movement. Farnese Gallery. |
| Monteverdi | Southern Baroque composer. Primarily composed operas- most famous: L'Orfeo. Used recitative to emphasize emotion and make music more dramatic. |
| Rubens | Southern Baroque painter from Flanders. Reputation for dramatic pieces: vibrant colors, agitated, violent scenes. Painted sensuous nudes. Became involved in international diplomacy. Worked for Catherine de' Medici- created a painted biography for her. |
| Bernini | Southern Baroque sculptor. Decorated the papal church of Saint Peters over the course of 50 years; he becomes the most respected architect and sculptor in Europe. Liked to capture the moment before the action. Known for his "David." |
| Corelli | Southern Baroque composer, conductor, and violinist. Known for his Concerto Grossi. Developed flowery, sweet, ornamented melodies. Could hear the balance of opposing forces that build to a climax. |
| Rembrandt | Northern Baroque painter and etcher. Progressively became more introspective; individual portraits capture personality. Initially did secular paintings, then became religious. Started out dramatic then became more monumental. Focused less on specific details and more on timelessness and universality. |
| J.S. Bach | Northern Baroque composer and organist. Master of improvisation. Composed 6 Brandenburg Concertos. Head of St. Thomas' choir school. |
| Handel | Northern Baroque composer. Primarily composed Italian operas and oratorios. Consistent motion. In his music, especially arias, he emphasized strong emotion (doctrine of affections) |
| Versailles | This enormous, ostentatious monument to the power of the French Monarchy, built by Louis XIV over a long period of time, served as a manifestation of the power of absolute monarchy. Meant to impress and scare nobility, foreigners, and commoners alike, this palace was where Louis XIV moved his court in order to keep them under his control and away from the uncontrollable social scene in Paris. |
| *Patronage | (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support ppl suck up 2 official 4 favors EX: Nobles lived at Versailles to praise and get stuff from Louis |
| -Michel LeTellier | Secretary of War to Louis XIV - reforms army to almost modern day standards |
| French Academy | established by Richelieu. Job was to create a standard French dictionary. |
| *French Classicism | French art style period. resembled art of Renaissance Italy. Demonstrated qualities of discipline, balance, and restraint (contrasts extremely with baroque- style that is happening everywhere else). It reflected Louis XIV's consolidation of power in a completely absolutist government. Emphasized theater and ballet because Louis XIV really liked them. |
| Moliére | French playwright, stage manager, director, and actor who wrote comedies that demonstrated some absurd aspects of society through caricature ex: Tartuffe |
| Racine | French playwright who wrote dramatic tragedies based on Greek and Roman Legends ex: Andromaque |
| Elizabeth I | manages finances well clever manipulation of parliament sense of royal dignity hard devotion of work refused to marry |
| James I (James Stuart) | Created the "True Law of Free Monarchy" was not very royally dignified |
| -"The Trew Law of Free Monarchy" | Essay written by James I expressing his ideas about the divine right of kings; a monarch has a God-given right to his power and is responsible to God (only!) |
| Charles I | English King. Son of James I. Tried to govern without parliament which caused the English Civil war. Found guilty of treason and beheaded. |
| *Puritans | thought that the reformation had not gone far enough and wanted to purify Anglican church from Catholic views --> abolish bishops in the Church of England |
| William Laud (archbishop of Canterbury) | Archbishop of Canterbury. Established the Court of High Commission. Forced Anglican practices to be observed and conducted in Presbyterian Scotland churches (Book of Common Prayer), which caused revolts. This caused Charles I to go to Parliament to ask for money (always causes problems) |
| -"Court of High Commission" | The ecclesiastical court established by William Laud in order to enforce complete uniformity in all church services. |
| "Long Parliament" | Parliament that passed legislature to limit the power of the monarch and to make arbitrary government impossible. This included the passing of the Triennial Act, the impeachment of Archbishop Laud, the disbandment of the Court of High Commission, and the threat to abolish bishops. |
| Triennial Act | An act that required the king to call Parliament at least once every three years. Passed as a check on the monarch by the "Long Parliament." |
| -English Civil War | War between Charles I and Parliament. Tested weather sovereignty was to reside in the king or in Parliament. Parliament won decisive battle (Battle of Naseby) but Charles refused to give up. Charles was eventually executed |
| *New Model Army | Parliament's army in the English Civil War. Leaders were Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell. Won against Charles I. |
| Sir Thomas Fairfax | General of the New Model Army; fought Charles I's army alongside Oliver Cromwell |
| Oliver Cromwell | general in parliament's New Model Army, takes position as king after the execution of Charles I turning England into a military dictatorship. Not personally interested in gaining power. |
| -Battle of Naseby | decisive battle between Parliament and the king, Parliament wins |
| "Rump Parliament" | The Parliament that Cromwell creates after it was clear that Parliament had defeated Charles I. Cromwell kicks out supporters of Charles and people who don't agree that Charles should be executed for treason (not many people left). Find Charles guilty. |
| -Commonwealth | republican government |
| *Protectorate | rule of Cromwell in England (military dictatorship) |
| Instrument of Government | A Constitution prepared by Cromwell and his army. But after many disputes, Cromwell tore it up. |
| Navigation Act | Act the requires english goods to be transported by English ships, expands the merchant marine |
| -Sir William Petty | Served English government in Ireland during Cromwell's Protectorate and when England was massacring Irish Catholics. |
| Charles II | easy going, very well liked (wanted monarchy & him to be popular after military dictatorship). Re-established the Navigation Acts, Started the Test Act |
| *Test Act | People who did not accept Church of England could not vote, hold public office, preach, teach, attend the universities, to assemble for meetings. Passed by Charles II |
| -"Cabal" | executive members of legislation Clifford Arlington Buckingham Ashley- Cooper (Earl of Shaftesbury) Lauderdale supposedly a precursor to the cabinet |
| James II (Duke of York) | initially an exclusion crisis because he is a out-in-the-open Catholic. Whigs in parliament try to keep him off the throne. Tories support him because of divine right of kings. By getting the kingship, he ignores the Test Act |
| Mary (of England) | niece of Charles II, sister of James II. Marries Prince William of Orange. |
| Prince William of Orange (William III) | Becomes King William of England. Is the first king who does not have a claim to the English throne through blood. This destroys the notion of the divine right of kings. |
| "Glorious Revolution" | the revolution against James II A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. |
| Bill of Rights | Cornerstone of Modern British Government 1. Law was to be made in Parliament cannot be suspended by the crown 2. No standing army in time of peace 3. Elections held at least once every 3 years 4. Crown cannot interfere with Parliament 5. Judiciary is independent from crown 6. Everyone but the Catholics can have weapons |
| John Locke | Wrote Second Treatise of Civil Government (about political philosophy). Believed that the natural state of humanity was calm because there was a natural law governing it: reason. However, people don't always chose to act reasonably. People are willing to unite to protect life, liberty, and property. Government's duty is to govern according to a set, agreed upon contract (if they don't --> tyranny). It is the peoples' to be governed by the contract. But it the contract it broken, it is also their duty to rebel. Justification for the Glorious Rebellion. |
| Second Treatise of Civil Government | maintained that people set up civil governments to protect life liberty and property linked economic liberty and private property to political freedom granted one vote to property owners |
| *States General | federal assembly that handled foreign affairs |
| *Stadholder | appointed representative by states general highest executive in an area responsible for ceremonial functions, defense and good order |
| Benedict Spinoza | Decedent of Spanish Jews fled inquisition toleration paid off a lot of bankers |
| *Dutch East India Company | first joint stock company created by Amsterdam merchants. Extremely successful. |
| -Jansenists | catholics that focused more on the spiritual than the traditional Catholic church. |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.