Med Term Ch 14
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Created by:
kmorrison919 on November 1, 2011
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Musculoskeletal System
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238 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 periosteum | outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue |
| compact bone | dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum |
| cancellous (spongy) bone | contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of the compact bone |
| endosteum | membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone |
| diaphysis | shaft of the long bones |
| epiphysis | end of each long bone |
| bone marrow | material found in the cavities of bones |
| red marrow | thick, blood-like material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation |
| yellow marrow | soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones |
| maxilla | upper jawbone |
| mandible | lower jawbone |
| vertebral column | made up of bones called vertebrae. protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides a point of attachment for ribs and muscles |
| cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7) | first set of seven bones, forming the neck |
| thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12) | second set of 12 vertebrae. they articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine |
| lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5) | third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine |
| sacrum | next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones |
| coccyx | four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone |
| lamina | part of the vertebral arch |
| clavicle | collarbone |
| scapula | shoulder blade |
| acromion process | extension of the scapula, which forms the high point of the shoulder |
| sternum | breastbone |
| xiphoid process | lower portion of the sternum |
| humerus | upper arm bone |
| ulna and radius | lower arm bones |
| olecranon process | projection at the upper end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow |
| carpal bones | wrist bones |
| metacarpal bones | hand bones |
| phalanges (sing. phalanx) | finger and toe bones |
| pelvic bone, hip bone | made up of three bones fused together |
| ischium | lower, rear portion on which one sits |
| ilium | upper, wing-shaped part on each side |
| pubis | anterior portion of the pelvic bone |
| acetabulum | large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur |
| femur | upper leg bone |
| tibia and fibula | lower leg bones |
| patella | kneecap |
| tarsal bones | ankle bones |
| calcaneus | heel bone |
| metatarsal bones | foot bones |
| articular cartilage | smooth layer of gristle covering the contacting surface of joints |
| meniscus | crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee |
| intervertebral disk | cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine |
| pubic symphysis | cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together |
| synovia | fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities |
| bursa | fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another |
| ligament | flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint |
| tendon | band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone |
| aponeurosis | strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone |
| skeletal muscles (striated muscles) | attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. produce action by pulling and by working in pairs (aka voluntary muscles) |
| smooth muscles (unstriated muscles) | located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. they are also called involuntary muscles because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily |
| cardiac muscle (myocardium) | forms most of the wall of the heart. its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat |
| abduction | movement of drawing away from the middle |
| adduction | movement of drawing toward the middle |
| inversion | turning inward |
| eversion | turning outward |
| extension | movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position |
| flexion | movement in which a limb is bent |
| pronation | movement that turns the palm down |
| supination | movement that turns the palm up |
| rotation | turning around its own axis |
| carp/o | carpals (wrist bones) |
| clavic/o, clavicul/o | clavicle (collarbone) |
| cost/o | rib |
| crani/o | cranium (skull) |
| femor/o | femur (upper leg bone) |
| fibul/o | fibula (lower leg bone) (perone/o is also a word root for fibula) |
| humer/o | humerus (upper arm bone) |
| ili/o | ilium |
| isch/o | ischium |
| lumb/o | loin, lumbar region of the spine |
| mandibul/o | mandible (lower jawbone) |
| maxill/o | maxilla (upper jawbone) |
| patell/o | patella (kneecap) |
| pelv/i, pelv/o | pelvis, pelvic bone |
| phalang/o | phalanges (finger or toe bones) |
| pub/o | pubis |
| rachi/o | spine, vertebral column |
| radi/o | radius (lower arm bone) |
| sacr/o | sacrum |
| scapul/o | scapula (shoulder blade) |
| spondyl/o, vertebr/o | vertebra |
| stern/o | sternum (breastbone) |
| tars/o | tarsals (ankle bones) |
| tibi/o | tibia (lower leg bone) |
| uln/o | ulna (lower arm bone) |
| aponeur/o | aponeurosis |
| arthr/o | joint |
| burs/o | bursa (cavity) |
| chondr/o | cartilage |
| disk/o | invertebral disk |
| menisc/o | meniscus (crescent) |
| synovi/o | synovia, synovial membrane |
| ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o | tendon |
| ankyl/o | crooked, stiff, bent |
| kinesi/o | movement, motion |
| kyph/o | hump |
| lamin/o | lamina (thin, flat plate or layer) |
| lord/o | bent forward |
| myel/o | bone marrow |
| my/o, myos/o | muscle |
| oste/o | bone |
| petr/o | stone |
| scoli/o | crooked, curved |
| inter- | between |
| supra- | above |
| sym-, syn- | together, joined |
| -asthenia | weakness |
| -clasia, -clasis, -clast | break |
| -desis | surgical fixation, fusion |
| -physis | growth |
| -schisis | split, fissure |
| ankylosis | abnormal condition of stiffness (often referring to fixation of a joint, such as the result of chronic rheumatoid arthritis) |
| arthritis | inflammation of a joint. (the most common are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid ______) |
| bursitis | inflammation of a bursa |
| chondromalacia | softening of cartilage |
| cranioschisis | fissure of the skull (congenital) |
| diskitis | inflammation of an intervertebral disk |
| fibromyalgia | pain in the fibrous tissues and muscles (a common condition characterized by widespread pain and stiffness of muscles, fatigue, and disturbed sleep) |
| kyphosis | abnormal condition of a hump (of the thoracic spine) (aka humpback or hunchback) |
| lordosis | abnormal condition of bending forward (forward curvature of the lumbar spine) (aka swayback) |
| maxillitis | inflammation of the maxilla |
| meniscitis | inflammation of a meniscus |
| myasthenia | muscle weakness |
| myeloma | tumor of the bone marrow (malignant) |
| osteitis | inflammation of the bone |
| osteoarthritis (OA) | inflammation of the bone and joint |
| osteochondritis | inflammation of the bone and cartilage |
| osteofibroma | tumor of the bone and fibrous tissue (benign) |
| osteomalacia | softening of bones |
| osteomyelitis | inflammation of the bone and bone marrow (caused by bacterial infection) |
| osteopenia | abnormal reduction of bone mass (caused by inadequate replacement of bone lost to normal bone lysis and can lead to osteoporosis) |
| osteopetrosis | abnormal condition of stonelike bones (marblelike bones caused by increased formation of bone) |
| osteosarcoma | malignant tumor of the bone |
| polymyositis | inflammation of many muscles |
| rachischisis | fissure of the vertebral column (congenital, aka spina bifida) |
| rhabdomyolysis | dissolution of striated muscle (the severity of the condition and the degree of weakness and pain vary. some causes of the illness are trauma, extreme exertion, and drug toxicity; in severe cases renal failure can result) |
| scoliosis | abnormal (lateral) curve (of the spine) |
| spondylarthritis | inflammation of the vertebral joints |
| spondylosis | abnormal condition of the vertebra (a general term used to describe changes to the spine from osteoarthritis or ankylosis) |
| synoviosarcoma | malignant tumor of the synovial membrane |
| tendinitis (tendonitis) | inflammation of a tendon |
| tenosynovitis | inflammation of the tendon and synovial membrane |
| ankylosing spondylitis | form of arthritis that first affects the spine and adjacent structures and that, as it progresses, causes a forward bend of the spine (aka Strumpell-Marie arthritis/disease, or rheumatoid ________) |
| bunion | abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe. it is a common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes (aka hallux valgus) |
| carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) | a common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve. symptoms include pain and paresthesia in portions of the hand and fingers |
| Colles fracture | a type of wrist fracture. the fracture is at the lower end of the radius, the distal fragment being displaced backward |
| exostosis | abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone (aka spur) |
| fracture (fx) | broken bone |
| gout | disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals (tophi) to be deposited in the joints, especially that of the great toe, producing arthritis |
| herniated disk (slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated nucleus pulposis) | rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protrude through it, putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots |
| Lyme disease | an infection caused by a bacteria (Borrelia burgdorferi) carried by deer ticks and transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick. Symptoms, caused by the body's immune response to the bacteria, vary and may include a rash at the site of the tick bite and flulike symptoms such as fever, headache, joint pain, and fatigue. First discovered in ____, Conn., in 1975. the primary treatment is antibiotics, left untreated, can mimic several musculoskeletal diseases |
| muscular dystrophy (MD) | group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness |
| myasthenia gravis (MG) | chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness and thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cell. the face, the larynx, and throat are frequently affected; no true paralysis of the muscle exists |
| osteoporosis | abnormal loss of bone density occurring predominantly in postmenopausal women, which can lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, hips and wrists |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | a chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body |
| spinal stenosis | narrowing of the spinal canal with compression of nerve roots. the condition is either congenital or due to spinal degeneration. symptoms are pain radiating to the thigh or lower legs and numbness or tingling in the lower extremities |
| spondylolisthesis | forward slipping of one vertebra over another |
| aponeurorrhaphy | suture of an aponeurosis |
| arthrocentesis | surgical puncture of a joint to aspirate fluid |
| arthroclasia | (surgical) breaking of a (stiff) joint |
| arthrodesis | surgical fixation of a joint (aka joint fusion) |
| arthroplasty | surgical repair of a joint |
| bursectomy | excision of a bursa |
| carpectomy | excision of a carpal bone |
| chondrectomy | excision of a cartilage |
| chondroplasty | surgical repair of a cartilage |
| costectomy | excision of a rib |
| cranioplasty | surgical repair of the skull |
| craniotomy | incision of the skull (as for surgery of the brain) |
| diskectomy | excision of an intervertebral disk (a portion of the disk is removed to relieve pressure on nerve roots) |
| laminectomy | excision of a lamina (often performed to relieve pressure on the nerve roots in the lower spine caused by a herniated disk and other conditions) |
| maxillectomy | excision of the maxilla |
| meniscectomy | excision of the meniscus (performed for a torn cartilage) |
| myorrhaphy | suture of a muscle |
| ostectomy | excision of bone |
| osteoclasis | (surgical) breaking of a bone (to correct a deformity) |
| patellectomy | excision of the patella |
| phalangectomy | excision of a finger or toe bone |
| rachiotomy | incision into the vertebral column |
| spondylosyndesis | fusing together of the vertebrae (spinal fusion) |
| synovectomy | excision of the synovial membrane (of a joint) |
| tarsectomy | excision of (one or more) tarsal bones |
| tenomyoplasty | surgical repair of the tendon and muscle |
| tenorrhaphy | suture of a tendon |
| vertebroplasty | surgical repair of the vertebra |
| arthrography | radiographic imaging of a joint (with contrast media) (mostly replaced by MRI, still used when metal is present in body) |
| arthroscopy | visual examination of a joint (used for a diarthrodial/movable joint) |
| electromyogram (EMG) | record of the (intrinsic) electrical activity in a (skeletal) muscle |
| arthralgia | pain in the joint |
| atrophy | without development (wasting) |
| bradykinesia | slow movement |
| carpal | pertaining to the wrist |
| cranial | pertaining to the cranium |
| dyskinesia | difficult movement |
| dystrophy | abnormal development |
| femoral | pertaining to the femur |
| humeral | pertaining to the humerus |
| hyperkinesia | excessive movement (overactive) |
| hypertrophy | excessive development |
| iliofemoral | pertaining to the ilium and femur |
| intercostal | pertaining to between the ribs |
| intervertebral | pertaining to between the vertebrae |
| intracranial | pertaining to within the cranium |
| ischiofibular | pertaining to the ischium and fibula |
| ischiopubic | pertaining to the ischium and pubis |
| lumbar | pertaining to the loins (the part of the back between the thorax and pelvis) |
| lumbocostal | pertaining to the loins and the ribs |
| lumbosacral | pertaining to the lumbar regions (loin) and the sacrum |
| osteoblast | developing bone (cell) |
| osteocyte | bone cell |
| osteonecrosis | abnormal death of bone (tissues) |
| pelvic | pertaining to the pelvis |
| pelvisacral | pertaining to the pelvis and the sacrum |
| pubic | pertaining to the pubis |
| pubofemoral | pertaining to the pubis and femur |
| sacral | pertaining to the sacrum |
| sternoclavicular | pertaining to the sternum and clavicle |
| sternoid | resembling the sternum |
| subcostal | pertaining to below the rib |
| submandibular | pertaining to below the mandible |
| submaxillary | pertaining to below the maxilla |
| subscapular | pertaining to below the scapula |
| substernal | pertaining to below the sternum |
| suprapatellar | pertaining to above the patella |
| suprascapular | pertaining to above the scapula |
| symphysis | growing together (as in ______ pubis) |
| vertebrocostal | pertaining to the vertebrae and ribs |
| choriopodist, podiatrist | specialist in treating and diagnosing diseases and disorders of the foot, including medical and surgical treatment |
| chiropractic | system of therapy that consists of manipulation of the vertebral column |
| crepitus (crepitation) | the crackling sound heard when two bones rub against each other or grating caused by the rubbing together of dry surfaces of a joint. (also used to describe the crackling sound heard with pneumonia or the sound heard from the discharge of gas from the bowel) |
| orthopedics (ortho) | branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system |
| orthopedist | physician who specializes in orthopedics |
| orthotics | making and fitting of orthopedic appliances, such as arch supports, used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities |
| orthotist | a person who specializes in orthotics |
| osteopath | physician who specializes in osteopathy |
| osteopathy | system of medicine that uses the usual forms of diagnosis and treatment but places greater emphasis on the role of the relation between body organs and the musculoskeletal system; manipulation may be used in addition to other treatments |
| prosthesis | an artificial substitute for a missing body part such as a leg, eye or total hip replacement |
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