L10 - Population Growth
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30 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Population | group of individuals of ONE SPECIES that live in A PARTICULAR AREA characteristics: -size -density -distribution -sex ratios -age structure |
| What determines a population's growth? | The characteristics of the population and the environment they live in determine a population's growth |
| age structure | number of individuals in different age classes -pre reproductive age: 0-15 -reproductive age: 15-45 -post-reproductive age: 46+ |
| age structure diagram | ... |
| Growth Rate | Determines how fast the population will grow (crude birth rate + immigration rate) - (crude death rate + emigration rate) rates are expressed as individuals per 1000 to express as a percentage: growth rate x 100% Example: 20/1000 x 100% = 2% |
| Exponential Growth | A STABLE RATE OF GROWTH leads to Exponential Growth As the population size increases, the same percentage increase becomes a larger total increase |
| J-Curve in Population | Occurs when a population is small and environmental conditions are ideal |
| Limiting Factors | Physical, chemical, and biological factors that limit the amount of growth that is possible. Ex: space, nutrients, predators All limiting factors together make up the "environmental resistance" |
| "Environmental Resistance" | made up by all limiting factors determines Carrying Capacity |
| Carrying Capacity | the maximum population size that an environment can sustain Determines how big the population can become determined by Environmental Resistance Carrying Capacity can change when limiting factors change |
| Increasing our Carrying Capacity | Technology has allowed us to raise Earth's carrying capacity for our species time and again Tool-making, agriculture, and industrialization each enabled humans to sustain greater populations |
| Total Fertility Rate | The average number of children born per female during her lifetime |
| Life expectancy | The average number of years that a person can expect to live from birth |
| Human Population Growth | Human population growth has been greater than exponential. Growth rate has increased over time (mostly because of lower death rates) Varies from place to place |
| Where is the majority of new population growth occurring? | The majority of new population growth is occurring in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES |
| The Demographic Transition | a model of economic and cultural change to explain declining death rates, declining birth rates, and rising life expectancies in Western Nations as they became industrialized |
| Doing a Demographic Transition, what growth rates to become very high? | Growth rates can become very high because death rate declines before birth rate |
| Because most developed nations have passed through the demographic transition, what has happened to the global growth rate? | Because most developed nations have passed through the demographic transition, the GROWTH RATE has DECREASED |
| Pre-industrial stage | High death rates and high birth rates |
| Transitional Stage | death rates fall due to rising food production and better medical care. birth rates remain high causing population to surge |
| Industrial Stage | birth rates fall - women are employed and as children become less economically useful in an urban setting population growth rate declines |
| Post-Industrial stage | birth and death rates remain low and stable society enjoys fruits of industrialization without threat of runaway population growth |
| Since the 1960's, what has happened to the annual growth rate of the world population? | The annual growth rate of the world population has DECLINED since the 1960s (population size is still rising) |
| Total Fertility Rate (TFR) | average number of children born per woman during her lifetime |
| Replacement fertility | the TFR that keeps population size stable for humans RF = 2.1 Africans have highest, Europe has lowest Female literacy and school enrollment are correlated with TFR, more educated have fewer children Family planning, health care, and reproductive education can lower TFRs |
| Is poverty correlated with population growth? | YES, poverty is correlated with population growth. |
| IPAT model | I = P x A x T x S (P)opulation - individuals need space and resources (A)ffluence - greater per capita resource use (T)echnology - increased exploitation of resources (S)ensitivity - how sensitive an area is to human pressure Also: effects of education, laws, and ethics on the formula |
| Overshoot | humans have surpassed the Earth's capacity to support us we are using renewable resources 30% faster than they are being replenished |
| Modeling population and it's consequences | some models show population growth leading to resource depletion, which can result in declining food production, industrial output, and population |
| What is environmental impact dependent on? | Environmental impact is dependent on POPULATION SIZE as well as AFFLUENCE (abundance of wealth) and TECHNOLOGY |
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