| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Nelson Mandela | leader of the ANC and first black president of South Africa |
| Mohandas Gandhi | the liberator of India who also helped in South Africa and formed the SAIC |
| Robert Sobukwe | founder of the PAC |
| F.W. deKlerk | last president of South Africa during apartheid 1989 – 1994 and ender of apartheid |
| Boer | means farmer in Dutch, consisted of Dutch settlers |
| Afrikaner | the Dutch people, language "Afrikaans" that was based off of Dutch, very religious |
| Bantu | "tribal", blacks, Xhosa nad Zulu, farmers, eastern half of S.A., chiefdoms/chieftancy |
| Trekboers | Dutch settlers who became Afrikaners and moved and migrated |
| A.N.C. | stood for African National Congress and lead the formation of the Congress Alliance in 1954. Militant wing was called MK or "Spear of the Nation", used acts of sabotage after 1960 |
| P.A.C. | stood for Pan Africanist Congress and was founded by Robert Sobukwe, militant wing was called "Poqo" and wanted to create an "Africa for Africans" and used guerilla warfare after 1960 |
| Congress Alliance | a joint Anti-Apartheid movement formed in the 1950s under the A.N.C. and helped in the Freedom Charter. |
| Congress of the People | the gathering people (3,000 delegates) to collect ideas from general population to include in the Freedom Charter that expressed the thinking about how S.A. must move forward to a non-racial future. |
| Cape of Good Hope | a point of land in southwestern S.A. around Cape Town that was founded by the Dutch East India Company – places permanent colony on Cape in 1652 led by Jon van Riebeeck and had the "Boers" |
| Johannesburg | the largest city in S.A. |
| Transvaal | an area in S.A. colonized during the Great Trek by the Boers |
| Orange Free State | a colored based colony |
| Port Elizabeth | made by the British and where Biko was tortured and killed |
| Bantustans | separate territories for blacks that the government created in the 1950s called "homelands" |
| Great Trek | 1836 – 1850 and when the Afrikaners moved northeast out of the British Cape Colony across the Orange River to find new homes, led to the Battle of Blood River, and the establishment of Orange Free State and Transvaal |
| Battle of Blood River | The battle fought on December 16, 1838, between the Zulus and Boers in which the Boers won and it came to symbolize the Afrikaner movement and mythologized it, because they claimed they had a covenant with God. |
| Mineral Revolution | when British began migration to inland because of discovery of diamonds and gold around the Vaal River in 1886 – 1887 and led to increased racial segregation and black poverty because of taxes, labor systems, and pass system |
| Anglo-Boer War | 1899 – 1902 and also called the South African war when the English used the scorched-earth campaign and sent women and children into concentration camps and the Boers surrendered. Africans fought on both sides. |
| 1948 Elections | National Party (Afrikaners) won and started apartheid. |
| Defiance Campaign | 1952. Nelson Mandela the chief of campaign and fought the pass system by filling the prisons with people, and did not work, but made the ANC stronger, |
| Freedom Charter | a document written at the Congress of the People to express the thinking about how S.A. must move forward to a non-racial future in 1954. |
| Sharpeville Massacre | March 21, 1960 in Sharpeville, by Johannesburg. PAC led campaign of blacks to surrender themselves for arrest and led to small clashes and then the police firing, killing and wounding many. |
| Soweto Uprising | June 1976. By Johannesburg. Students protests and were peaceful, but met with armed response from police and led to student protests and many deaths. Guerilla training began. |
| Creation of South Africa | 1910. Union of South Africa. Self-governed, but still part of British Empire and British took control of economy and Boers took control of the politics. |
| Election of Nationalists to Power | 1948 |
| Sharpeville Massacre | March 21, 1960 |
| Anglo-Boer (South African) War | 1899– 1902 |
| Union of South Africa Formed | 1910 |
| First Bi-Racial Election | 1994 |
| Apartheid | means "separate" or "apartness" in Afrikaans and was the law in S.A. between 1948 and 1990 in South Africa that created fur groups (whites, Asians, coloureds, and Africans) |
| "Covenant" | a formal agreement between two different people, used in the Battle of Blood River, because the Afrikaners thought their win was from God. |
| Satyagraha | the form of nonviolent resistance popularized by Gahndi in India and used in South Africa |
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