| Term | Definition |
|---|
| absolute monarchy | a monarchy based off of the theory of absolutism |
| absolutism | the theory that the monarchy was created by G-d. The ruler has divine right. This results in weakened feudalism, the growth of towns, economic control by the government, religious control, and the increase in court size |
| divine right | belief that the monarch is carrying out G-d's will and has been placed on the throne by G-d |
| Hapsburgs | one of the principal dynasties of central Europe from medieval to modern times. The family established a hereditary monarchy in Austria. Ensured religious uniformity amongst their subjects |
| towns | "an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is larger than a village and generally smaller than a city". Developed after feudalism was demolished |
| Louis XIV | an absolutist ruler that was also religious and a great believer in the virtues of tradition. Built versailles and called the "Sun King" |
| Dutch United Provinces | a group of countries united by their belief in personal freedom and class-associated economic interests |
| Peter the Great | founded St. Petersberg. Tsar of Russia who also centralized government, modernized the army, created a navy and increased the subjugation and subjection of the peasants |
| sovereign | an authority that controls all aspects of government, and also has the "right" to go against the laws of G-d |
| tsar/czar | Russian sovereign. Note: **see the roots to "caesar" in the word? |
| westernizing | modernization through western ideals. Includes deliberate attempts to encourage industrial enterprise and increased serfdom |
| serfdom | the social class of a serf. Has feudal ties to being a peasant "tied" to their land, and figuratively bound by their lord |
| Stuarts | monarchs of the kingdom of scotland. 5 of the 9 monarchs from this family ruled over England as well. |
| Puritans | a believer in protestantism who regarded the reformation with zest and looked to the anglican church |
| Cavaliers | a supporter of King Charles I in the English Civil War. also called royalists |
| Roundheads | name for the Puritans. They were lead by Oliver Cromwell, who formed the New Model Army |
| New Model Army | was intended as an army liable for service anywhere in the country. Soldiers became full-time professionals as opposed to an unorganized militia. |
| Rump Parliament | the name given to the English Parliament after society's attempt to abolish the monarchy. This is the parliament that remained from their original parliament. |
| Oliver Cromwell | head of the Commonwealth ( a republican government) that strengthened the Parliament. Abolished the Monarchy and House of Lords. Eliminated a surplus amount of members from the house of commons to form the rump parliament. A very strict Puritan who ended up becoming a military dictator. He was assassinated and Charles II, the son of Charles I, was restored to the throne, thus beginning the Restoration Period. |
| Glorious Revolution | James II overthrown by his daughter Mary and son-in-law William. A bloodless overturn that resulted in the formation of a Parliamentary Monarchy with a cabinet and a Bill of Rights |
| William and Mary | Initiators of the Glorious Revolution who formed a parliamentary monarchy and added a cabinet and bill of rights. Ruled as co-regents |
| Bill of Rights | It enumerates certain rights to which citizens and permanent residents of a constitutional monarchy were thought to be entitled in the late 17th century, asserting subjects' right to petition the monarch, as well as to bear arms in defense |
| Gutenberg | revolutionized movable type, oil-based inks and advanced presses, allowing for widespread and easily-accessible publication. Influenced the literacy and education of lower society |
| Bacon | Lord Chancellor of England. A scholar who was believed to have written Shakespeare's plays and also believed and encouraged the ability of man to achieve scientific discovery. |
| Copernicus | a polish priest who observed astronomy. Wrote a book that provided a theoretical demonstration that the planets orbited around the sun |
| Galileo Galilei | an astronomical observer who worked out explanations of the universe and produced new mathematics on the movement of bodies, statistics and dynamics. Wrote "A Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the World" that discused Copernican and Ptolemaic theories. Later renounced his works at the threat of being excommunicated for suggesting that religion was not needed in order to explain the workings of the universe. |
| Newton | published Principia Mathematica. Was highly religious and helped found the heliocentric view of the planets by observing gravity and establishing natural laws |
| atheism | belief there is no G-d. Became socially acceptable during and after the Scientific Revolution |
| Royal Academies | academies established by royal demand to cultivate scientific exploration |
| Kepler | a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, best known for his law of planetary motion. provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. |
| philosophe | a french enlightenment thinker, or "philosopher". Name given to intellectuals during the enlightenment |
| Hobbes | a philosophe that believed that human action was motivated by selfish concerns, notably by their fear of death. was best known for the publication of "Levithian" |
| Locke | an intellectual that wrote the "Essay Concerning Human Understanding". He claimed that every human being was born with a tabula rasa, and that human beings learned from their experiences created by their living environment. Believed the role of gov't was to create a good environment for the individual |
| tabula rasa | blank mind |
| Rousseau | wrote "Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind". Argued that people had adopted laws and gov't to preserve private property, and that the gov'ts purpose was to follow the social contract |
| Social Contract | stated that an entire society must agree to be governed by a general will (majority rules) |
| gentry | good social standing; a person directly below nobility |
| Montesquieu | Founded the thought of checks and balances, and separation of powers. Believed that people should obey the natural laws |
| Voltaire | believed that G-d set up the Earth, which then runs according to its own natural laws. Believed in a laissez-faire government that could provide religious tolerance and other rights such as the freedom of speech. |
| Diderot | wrote the encyclopedia. Believed in the education for all, religious tolerance, a laissez-faire gov't, and the power of man to be able to change if taught to do so. |
| Wollstonecraft | deduced that women have reason as men do, therefore they should have the same rights. Admitted that it was natural for men to take power over women. A strong feminist who believed in a democracy |
| salon | an elegant drawing room where philosophes would gather to debate new ideas. Allowed for the women hosting to inadvertently sway opinions and ideas |
| Adam Smith | a scottish philosopher famous for the "Wealth of Nations". He gave the gov't three roles; to protect society, defend citizens, and keep up public works. |
| laissez-faire | "to let alone". Belief that gov't should not impose regulations on the economy |
| physiocrats | founders of the modern discipline of economics and believed that the major natural law was that individuals should be able to pursue their own economic interests |
| geocentric | belief that the planets and sun orbited around the earth |
| heliocentric | belief that the earth and all other planets orbited around the sun |
| Catherine the Great | Peter the Great's most successful successor that encouraged innovation. She counted on military power, autocracy, serfdom and orthodoxy. Known as an "enlightened autocrat" |
| enlightened autocrat | an autocrat that patronized intellectuals to understand advanced and radical ideas |
| Partition of Poland | an agreement that lost poland 3 neighboring countries, 1/3 of their territory, and 1/2 of their population. |
| Frederick the Great | manifested extended territories by diplomacy and military conquest. Also pressed the interests of Prussia in Germany against Austria |
| Louis XVI | lead to the downfall of the French gov't by draining the French treasury, spreading military power too thin, and disregarding the public will. Married to Marie Antoinette |
| Estates-General | the closest thing that the french gov't had to a parliament. Called to order after Louis XVI could not control his nation. "france would be governed better if governed in accordance with the will of majority". Composed of three estates: nobility, clergy, and everyone else |
| National Assembly | a body of government where representatives were elected and could help make laws without regards to rights or tradition. Helped revolutionize the government |
| Tennis Court Oath | deputies of the 3rd estate were locked out of National Assembly. They went to the neighboring tennis courts and swore that they would continue to meet until they had written a constitution. |
| Bastille | stormed on July 14 1789 by the public to get gunpowder. Symbolized the strength of the public and the weakening control of the government |
| left and right | left- for the revolution. wanted a republic without censorship and with free speech. wanted the church to have less influence. Right- against the revolution. wanted a strong monarchy where the church was involved, and liked censorship. This was developed because the liberals sat to the left of the National assembly president and the conservatives sat to the right |
| liberty, equality, and fraternity | slogan of the french revolution that inspired men to rise up against tyrants and destroy feudalism. Promoted the equality of men before the law |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | a charter of basic rights relating to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppresion. Included women in its rights |
| National Convention | comprised the constitutional and legislative assembly. Held the executive power in france and was succeeded by the Directory |
| Danton | first president of the committee of public safety. A moderating influence on the Jacobins, he was guillotined by the advocates of revolutionary terror after accusations of venality and leniency to the enemies of the Revolution. |
| Jacobins | the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Reign of Terror |
| Reign of Terror | set in motion by the committee of public safety and the national convention. A system set up to protect the revolutionary republic from internal rifts. Officials would seek and guillotine public "enemies" who defied the revolution to any extent. Lead by robespierre. Went against the Declaration of the Rights of Man |
| coup d'etat | violent overthrow of the government. Napoleon lead the this unto the gov |
| Directory | 5 "directors" who acted as the executive authority following the National convention. Were overthrown due to their inability to find a solution to economic problems |
| Consul | Napoleon was this. He controlled the entire government, appointed members, and was named _________ for life |
| Committee of Public Safety | lead by Robespierre. Encouraged people to "kindle the courage of young warriors and preach the doctrines of hate for kings and the unity of the republic". formed a makeshift gov't that raised an army to inspire nationalism |
| Concordat | the agreement between Napoleon's empire and the Catholic Church to make peace |
| Civil Code | a system of codified laws by Napoleon that recognized the equality of all citizens before the law. Included religious toleration, abolition of feudalism, right to chose a profession, and property rights. Women's rights taken away, and liberty was replaced by despotism |
| Grand Empire | Napoleon's empire that consisted of French states, dependent states, and allied states. |
| allied states | territories defeated by napoleon |
| allied states | kingdoms under the rule of Napoleon |
| Continental System | system whose aim was to stop British goods to reach European countries. Inspired the british to trade with the mid east and americas |
| Waterloo | battle at the end of 100 day rule, commencing Napoleon's 2nd retreat into exile |
| St Helena | location of Napoleon's exile |
| Klemens von Metternich | a major figure in the negotiations before and during the Congress of Vienna and is considered both a paradigm of foreign-policy management and a major figure in the development of diplomatic praxis |
| Congress of Vienna | Its objective was to redraw the continent's political map and settle the many other issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. |
| Concert of Europe | the balance of power that existed in Europe from the fall of Napoleon to the outbreak of World War I. Its founding members were the UK, Austria, Russia and Prussia |
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