| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Absolute Monarchy | Sovereignty, only one rule-maker, no interferences |
| Prussia | One of Europe's strongest military powers, started off as tiny Batltic nation, ruled by Frederick the Great |
| Frederick the Great | Ruler of prussia |
| Peter the Great | Ruler of Russian empire, founded St. Petersburg, practiced westernizing |
| St. Petersburg | Capital. of Russia established by Peter the Great |
| Westernizing | Practiced by Peter the Great to make the country more like the west |
| Gutenberg | German man who improved printing (think about bibles...) |
| Copernicus | Polish priest who developed heliocentricity |
| Heliocentricity | The sun is the center of the universe |
| Galileo | Hated Catholics, believed in heliocentricity, famous for his telescope |
| Isaac Newton | Discovered gravity, wrote Principia Mathematica, believed in heliocentricity |
| Atheism | Created by scientists, religion became accepted, respectable minority |
| Locke | English, wrote Essay Converning Human Understanding, believed in tabula rasa, blank minds |
| Philosophes | Intellectuals of the Enlightenment |
| Montesquieu | French nobility, wrote The Spirit of the Laws, believed that the government depended on the side of the state (smallest to largest: republic, monarchy, despot), made seperation of powers |
| Voltaire | Believed in religious tolerance, wrote Treatise on Toleration, created deism |
| Physiocrats | Studied natural, believed government should make an army, create a police force, and keep up roads and canals |
| Adam Smith | Famous physiocrat |
| Rousseau | Created the Social Contract |
| Social Contract | Society should be governed by general will |
| Wollstonecraft | Founder of European femenism, wrote Vindication of the Rights of Women |
| Salon | Drawing rooms in wealthy people's homes, invited philosophes to discuss ideas |
| Parition of Poland | Poland broke off from the Ottoman empire |
| Rump Parliament | The government of the Commonwealth run by Oliver Cromwell |
| The Glorious Revolution | 1688, change of who is in power without bloodshed |
| Dutch United Provinces | The Netherlands |
| William and Mary | Prince of Orange and Daughter of James II, created constitutional monarchy, reestablished parliament, created Constitution, Bill of Rights and cabinet |
| Bill of Rights | Created under William and Mary |
| Louis XIV | King of France, major follower of Absolutism |
| Royal Academies | European Colleges and Universities |
| Bacon | Created the Scientific Method |
| Hapsburgs | Austrian dynasty |
| Louis XVI | King of France, married to Marie Antoinette, lost powere during the Revolution, guillotined 1793 |
| Estates General | French Parliament, made up of three Estates: nobility, clergy, people |
| Tennis Court Oath | Third Estate locked out of their meeting place, gathered on a tennis court and swore they would make a new constitution |
| Bastille | Peasants rebel against the government, storm the Bastille - the French prison that held all the gun powder - July 14, 1789 |
| "left" and "right" liberalism and conservatism | Political viewpoints created as a result of the French Revolution |
| Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity | The slogan of the French Revolution, representing their three main ideas |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women) |
| National Convention | The government of the people adopted in 1792 |
| Danton | Leader of the Commune, put pressure on the National Convention to be more radical |
| Committee of Public Saftey | 12 people led by Robespierre, took control, began Reign of Terror, guillotined anyone they considered an internal enemy |
| Reign of Terror | Ran by the Committee of Public Saftey, guillotined anyone considered an internal enemy |
| Directory | Corrupted government attempting to make up for the Reign of Terror |
| Consul | The initial government of Napoleon |
| Concordat | Agreement between Pope and Napoleon: Napoleon recognized Catholocism as the religion of the majority of France, Pope does not ask for any land back seized during the Revolution |
| Civil Code | Also known as the Code Napoleon, set of codified laws providing equality for all, religious toleration, abolition of serfdom and feudalism, property rights and rules of divorce |
| Continental System | Napoleon's plan to defeat Britain by stopping all British goods from reaching Europe to ruin Britain's economy, ended up doing the opposite |
| Waterloo | Napoleon's official defeat and final exile |
| St. Helena | Island Napoleon was exiled to |
| Congress of Vienna | an international conference held at Vienna after Napoleon's banishment to Elba, aimed at resettlement and restoration to power of European royalty. |
| Klemens von Metternich | Head of the Congress of Vienna |
| Concert of Europe | Agreement between the chief European powers to take only joint action in the European Eastern Question |
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