| Term | Definition |
|---|
| public importance | Public policies are developed to address some identified issue, social ill, or problem of __________ |
| Social Construction | refers to the simple realization that our reality is not the product of objective analysis or perfect understanding |
| Causality, Severity, Incidence, Proximity, Crisis | factors influencing problem identification |
| Scope | percentage of the public affected by an issue of concern within the greater society |
| Cost | the sum of negative consequences that develop, are associated with, and persist because of the existence of the problem |
| Agenda | represents those issues that gain specific attention from the various institutional and non-institutional actors |
| Issue Attention Cycle (Downs) | the central dynamic by which a private issue gathers increasing attention and is transformed into a public issue demanding some kind of policy action; 5 stages: pre-problem, alarmed discovery, realization of cost, gradual decline, post-problem |
| Multiple Streams (Kingdon) | highlights role of timing in policy process, confluence of specific issues and solutions to capture the agenda at a particular time often with the support of a "policy entrepreneur"; problem, policy, and political |
| Agenda-Setting Model (Cobb and Elder) | two broad categories of agendas – the systemic and the institutional – by which issues evolve from obscurity into a wider public agenda, and then can enter into a narrower policy-making agenda; 4 stages: issue of concern, systemic agenda, institutional agenda, policy formulation |
| Policy Formulation | development of remedies that deal with a specific problem or address a particular issue within the institutional agenda; characterized by bargaining and compromise |
| multiple actors, different remedies | There can be _________ designing _______ or mechanisms for solving the same problem at the same time. |
| a long period of time | Policy formulation can occur over _____________. |
| result in adoption | formulation does not necessarily _____________. |
| achieve policy goals, alter the behavior | Policy solutions or instruments are meant to ________ and are mechanisms by which government seeks to ___________ of specified target popu |
| politically feasible | Even if the policy solution is technically feasible is it _____________? |
| implement the solution | Are there sufficient resources available to carry out the proposed course of action, that is, to ___________? |
| administratively feasible | Can the program be successfully established, is it _________? |
| the target population | Is the policy solution acceptable to _________? (If policy fails to change their behavior, it fails by definition.) |
| Actors Involved in Policy Formation | President, Congress, Interest Groups, Bureaucracy, Think Tanks, Policy Entrepreneurs |
| social construction (social construct), invention or artifact | A ________________ is a concept or practice which may appear to be natural and obvious to those who accept it, but in reality is an _______________ of a particular culture or society. |
| reason, evidence, choose the best policy | Policy analysis provides the use of _________ and ________ to allow decision makers to _____________ from a number of alternatives. |
| Policy Analysis | body of concepts and principles aimed at helping decision makers make more intelligent, more ethical, more effective, and more efficient choices. |
| Steps of the Policy Process | Problem Definition, Establishing Evaluation Criteria, Developing Alternatives, Comparing Alternatives, Selecting Alternatives, Evaluation |
| Policy formulation | ___________________ represents the proposed solution to the identified problem. |
| always identified correctly, as effective | Real-world politics often ensure that because problems are not ________________________, proposed policy solutions are not always ____________ as they could be! |
| political feasibility | The key to adoption is _______________________. |
| Political feasibility | _________________ can be defined as a policy that has a consensus of support behind it. |
| policy legitimation | Policy adoption is the formal approval by institutional actors of a policy proposal - also referred to as _____________________. |
| Policy Adoption Decision Criteria | Values: organizational, professional/personal, policy/ideological; Political Party Affiliation; Constituency Interests; Deference |
| Influencing Policy Adoption | Mobilizing Members and Votes, Direct Lobbying, Focused Mail and Telephone Campaigns, Aggressive Multimedia Campaigns |
| a majority coalition | Crucial to policy adoption is whether ____________ can be put together to support one particular proposal. |
| NOT limited | Policy adoption is _________ to a single institution or policy actor. |
| diverse and pluralistic, non-institutional | The _______________________ nature of American government provides the opportunity for a variety of ______________ actors to directly influence and affect the decisions that determine what policy action is adopted. |
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