head and neck part II
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77 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 aortic arch remodeling | right laryngeal nerve under subclavian artery and left under aortic arch; the right 6th aortic arch degenerates; left gets trapped by ligamentus arterosis |
| somitomeres associated with pharyngeal arches | 4,6,7 |
| tongue | arches 1,2,3,4; sensory is trigeminal and glossopharyngeal 1,3,4; taste is facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus 2,3 4 |
| thyroid gland during development | from the foramen cecum; migrates while maintaining connection to the foramen cecum by the thyroglossal duct |
| thyroid issues | ectopic thyroid tissue, thyroglossal cysts; all on midline |
| development of the face | mandibular promience faithfully forms Mekle's cartilage, maxillary trying to fuse but frontonasal prominence intervenes |
| driving force of frontonasal prominence | forebrain cells are migrating and split eyefield and drive frontonasal prominence |
| development of palate | wedge of palate from frontonasal prominence; large outer part from maxillary prominence |
| pharyngeal arch 1 nerve | trigeminal nerve |
| pharyngeal arch 2 nerve | facial nerve |
| pharyngeal arch 3 nerve | glosspharyngeal nerve |
| pharyngeal arch 4 nerve | vagus |
| pharyngeal arch 6 nerve | vagus |
| pharyngeal arch 1 boney derivatives | maxillary, zygomatic, temporal, mandible, malleus, incus |
| pharyngeal arch 2 boney derivatives | stapes, styloid process, hyoid bone (lesser horn and upper body) |
| pharyngeal arch 3 boney derivatives | hyoid (lower body and greater horn) |
| pharyngeal arch 4 boney derivatives | upper portion of thyroid cartilage |
| pharyngeal arch 6 boney derivatives | lower portion of thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage |
| pharyngeal arch 1 muscle derivatives | mastication muscles, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor palatine muscle |
| pharyngeal arch 2 muscle derivatives | facial expression muscle, posterior belly of digastic, stylohyoid, stapeus |
| pharyngeal arch 3 derivatives | stylopharengus muscle |
| pharyngeal arch 4 muscle derivatives | cricothyroid, levator palatine; pharyngeal constrictors; intrinsic larynx |
| pharyngeal arch 6 muscle derivatives | cricithyroid, levator palatine, pharyngeal constrictors, intrinsic larynx |
| pharyngeal cleft 1 | forms external auditory; ectoderm and endoderm fusion of 1st pouch to 1st cleft become external part of TM |
| pharyngeal pouch 1 | forms inner tympanic cavity and auditory tube |
| pharyngeal pouch 2 | palatine tonsil |
| pharyngeal pouch 3 | inferior parathyroid gland |
| pharyngeal pouch 4 | superior parathyroid gland |
| what goes through internal auditory meatus | CN VII, CN VIII and Labyrinthine artery |
| structure of inner ear | chochlea with endolymph and hair cells; perilymph in contact with footplate of stapes; semicircular canals, utricle, saccule make up vestibular system; vestibule is boney space filled with perilymph |
| external ear structure | pinna and external ear cartilage; designed for collection of sound waves; canal is s shaped |
| middle ear structure | tegmen tympani is boney rood of cavity and is thin; oval window is membrane covered and stapes receives vibrations from it; promontory is boney buldge b/w two windows; round window has membrane that prevents sound waves from echoing out of inner ear; jugulum is floor right above the formation of internal jugular vein |
| middle ear bones | malleus, incus and stapes are in contact with each other and amplify outside sound by 30 dB |
| eustacean tube | links pharynx to middle ear; in children tube is shorter and more horizontal making them more prone to infection; in adults prevents pressure gradient from forming and usually closed |
| tensor tympani | protective mechanism for high intensity sound; attached to malleous and pulls on TM reducing amplification of memebrane; mandibular of CN V |
| stapedius | innervated by VII and pulls on satpes and reduces amp of vibration; more effective than tensor tympani |
| outer layer of eyeball | sclera is tough fibrous structure where tendons insert; cornea is out layer infront of iris that is transparent |
| middle layer of eyeball | iris is made of smooth muscle and pigmen; ciliary muscle; choroid is vascularized middle layer of eye |
| fovea in center of macula | greatest density of cones gives best visual acuity |
| optic disc | where nerve fibers come to exit; blind spot where there are no recepts |
| central artery of the retina | only artery to retina; rides along with optic nerve |
| subarachnoid space in eye | because optic nerve is an extension of brain; it has a subarachnoid space |
| canal of schlemm | in anterior chamber; reabsorbs aqueous humor; |
| ciliary processes | secrete aqueous humor into posterior chamber where it travels through iris to anterior champer |
| vitreous body | fluid in rest of eye not constantly being turned over; behind the lens |
| distant vision | suspensory ligaments pull lens against its recoil so it decreases refraction |
| near vision | accommodation; contraction of ciliary muscle pulls on suspensory ligaments and causes the lens to thicken and increase refraction; problem with old age |
| superior opthalamic vein | an emissary vein that drains face and orbit into cavernous sinus |
| palpebral conjuctiva | on eyelid; helps lubricate eye |
| bulbar conjunctiva | on surface of cornea |
| superior rectus | elevation and adduction of eye |
| levator palprae superioris | elevation of upper eyelid |
| inferior rectus | depression and adduction of eye |
| medial rectus | adduction of eye |
| lateral rectus | abduction of eye |
| superior oblique | depression and abduction of eye; when working with inferior rectus depression |
| inferior oblique | elevation and abduction of eye; when used with superior rectus elevation |
| internal carotid and external carotid | anastomosis b/w them and blood normally flows out of orbit; if there is an occlusion blood flow changes direction and flows into orbit |
| veinous drainage in face | superior opthalmic vein drains into cavernous sinus; inferior opthalmic vein drains into pterygoid plexus |
| pterion | area of bone where middle menigeal artery is; made of temporal, frontal, parietal and sphenoid bones |
| upper cavity of TMJ | translation allows for protrusion/retrusion and medial lateral movements |
| lower cavity of TMJ | hinge movements allow for elevation/depression b/w condyle and mandible and meniscus |
| movement of TMJ | disc and condyle move together by lateral pterygoid is attached to both disc and condyle |
| origin of temporalis | temporal fossa and tempral fascia |
| insertion of temporalis | coronoid process of mandible |
| actions of temporalis | elevation and retrusion of mandible |
| origin of masseter | zygomatic arch |
| insertion of masseter | lateral aspect of angle and ramus of mandible |
| action of masseter | elevation and protrusion of mandible |
| origin of lateral pterygoid | infratemopral surface of greater wing of sphenoid, lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate |
| insertion of lateral pterygoid | neck of mandible, articular disc and capsule |
| action of lateral pterygoid | bilateral: protrusion of mandible and depresses chin; unilateral: alternate contraction produces side to side movements |
| origin of medial pterygoid | medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate |
| insertion of medial pterygoid | medial aspect of the angle of ramus |
| action of medial pterygoid | elevation and protrusion of mandible |
| dislocation of jaw | mouth is opened widely opened and disc and condyle are at the apex of the tubercle, if it crosses apex to anterior side->dislocation and patient cannot close mouth |
| venous drainage of infratemporal fossa | deep facial vein connects the facial vein to the pterygoid venous plexus which connects to the cavernous sinus and indirectly to cavernous sinus by inferior opthlamic vein; pterygoid vein plexus also communicates with external jugular vein via maxillary and retromandibular veins |
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