1.
3 types of illness Models: 1. Etiological/pathophysiologic models - causes & processes in disease development
2. Treatment models - antibiotics or behavioral regimens
3. Psychosocial impact models - social support viewed as buffer against illness and important aspect of recovery
2.
Bureaucracy as sociocultural systems: - goal is to perpetuate itself and preserve status quo
- actions guided by organizational needs foremost.
3.
Core Cultural Values: - Patients are expected to show concern for themselves
- Examples include keeping appointments, getting check-ups, living healthy lives
- Individuals are responsible for their own health
4.
Cultural models: - schemas that represent shared understanding of phenomena w/n a domain
5.
Culture of Public Health: - Conceptualization of health
- Belief that disease states are influenced by multiple factors
- Value placed on primary prevention
- Affecting the common good
6.
Culture of Public Health: Assumptions: - Belief that it is possible to uncover objective causes of disease & search for a better understanding of factors that place people at risk
- World acts according to laws
- It is both desirable & possible to improve society
7.
Culture of Public Health: Cultural Values: - Desire to "make a difference"
- Strong camaraderie, teamwork, shared goals
8.
Ethnomedicine: - The domain of cultural systems dealing with knowledge, beliefs, treatment practices, & values related to illness
- Some features found in all societies
9.
Etiologic models: - can be categorized into scientific & popular domains
10.
Explanatory Models of Disease: - Patterned and organized responses to event
- Responses are focused and tailored to illness
11.
Health Culture: - Complex system of beliefs, practices, & social arrangements related to management of illness
- Purpose: to better understand how humans respond to illness
- Social constructionism
12.
heterodox traditions: - complementary & alternative
13.
Illness & Care: - Organized systems of care
- No records exist of allowing illness to take its course without trying to alleviate pain & suffering
14.
Mission Statement: - identify the purpose of organization & goals it strives to achieve
15.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine: - NCCAM - established in1998
- One of 27 institutes and centers of NIH
- Dedicated to exploring complementary & alternative healing practices in context of rigorous science, training CAM researchers, & disseminating authoritative information to public & professionals.
16.
NCAAM Focus Areas: - Research
- Research training and career development
- Outreach
- Integration
17.
Organizational culture: - a pattern of shared basic assumptions that group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid & to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think & feel in relation to those problems.
18.
Orthodox medical system: "dominative," mainstream or allopathic medicine,
- has to do w/ legitimation & control of the medical marketplace
19.
Prevention & Treatment: - Take deliberate actions to prevent disease
- Example: Variolation
- Growing interest in indigenous therapies
(herbal remedies)
20.
Recovery narrative: - ideology espoused by group regarding what is considered a desirable illness recovery experience.
21.
Referral systems (Hierarchy of resort): - concept of therapeutic networks encompasses process of seeking help from different sources & the patterned sequence & regularity of various components involved
22.
Ritual and Faith: - Rituals include mystical ceremonies and trust in a spiritual healer
- Rituals associated with modern day surgery and hospital stays
- Growing interest of spiritual dimensions of all therapy
23.
Role Specialization: - Oldest profession - healing (shamans)
- Healing arts associated with religion
- Specialized roles emerged - birth attendant, herbalist, bonesetter
- Physicians were primary medical professional
24.
Role Specialization (Cont'd): - Since 19th Century, nurses became more important
- Bureaucratic medical systems evolved
- Many occupational categories emerged
- Growth of mental health, social welfare, & public health
- Trend towards increasing role specialization
25.
Sick role: - Society enforces strict rules for sick behavior
- In Western society, the sick role exempts the sick from normal obligations
- Societal expectations vary across cultures
26.
Structure: Sectors of Health Care: - Mainstream or orthodox medicine
- Alternative medicine
- Usually, insurance coverage serves as an indicator of what is considered orthodox
27.
Structure: Sectors of Health Care: - POPULAR - self care, over-the-counter medicines, advice from friends, etc.
- PROFESSIONAL - organized, government regulation
- FOLK - operate independently of government regulation
28.
Value Statement: - describe the principles that guide the organization in its activities & reflect the fundamental beliefs or truths of the organization
29.
Western Medicine: - Founded on principles of modern science
- Only which is observed & measured is "real"
- Mind-body dualism
30.
Western Medicine (cont'd): - Cult of technology
- Cult of efficiency
- Physician as technician model
- People as machine model
