Heredity and Society Chapter 8
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24 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What does DNA profiling test for? | DNA variations found on all human chromosomes |
| Variations in DNA | Minisatellites, Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) |
| Minisatellites | DNA variation→repeated sequences of 10-100 base pairs |
| Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) | Single base pair that is uniquely different in an individual |
| About how many SNPs and nucleotides are there between two random individuals? | 1 SNP every 1,200 bases and 3-10 million nucleotide |
| Methods to Prepare DNA Profiles | Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis→Large amount of blood, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)→Small amount of DNA sample |
| Electrophoresis | During RFLP analysis, an electric current is applied onto the agarose gel (with the DNA fragments on it) and the current moves the fragments, separating them by size |
| Short Tandem Repeat (STR) | DNA variation→2-9 repeated base pairs. Each allele of STR contains a unique number of repeats. Analysis of several STR alleles show frequency of specific combinations |
| Example of 3 Alleles of STR | Allele 1→...AGA..., Allele 2→...AGAAGAAGA..., Allele 3→...AGAAGAAGAAGAAGA... |
| Combined Population Frequency | The combined frequency shows that the more alleles analyzed, the more rare the combination becomes in population |
| How are DNA profiles used? | Material from crime scene analyzed and compared to other samples or database. 30% of DNA profile results clear innocent people by exclusion |
| CODIS | Most testing in US uses a panel of 13 STRs called Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) plus AMEL for preparing DNA profiles |
| What are the chances that a person will have the same 13 alleles? | 1 in 100 trillion |
| DNA Databases | Since 1998, FBI has been cataloguing DNA profiles from convicted felons. Contains 1,700,000 profiles |
| For what convictions is it necessary to give a DNA sample regardless of the state? | Sexual assault and homicide |
| Number of cases using DNA forensics each year in US | 20,000 in civil cases, 10,000 of criminal cases, and 75% of those cases involved sexual assault |
| Other Uses for DNA Profiles | Identification of bodies, paternity identification, studies of human evolution, trace ancestry |
| Bio-Historians use DNA Profiles for | Czar Nicholas II of Russia was killed along with his family in 1918. A woman claimed she was one of the family members but archaeologists found the remains of the actual family and her DNA didn't match |
| Mitochondrial DNA Testing (Maternal) | For tracing ancestry using the mitochondria organelle, which contains DNA (mtDNA) |
| In Mitochondrial DNA testing, why is that specific organelle used? | Egg is the only gamete with cytoplasm, but sperm don't contain cytoplasm thus no mitochondria. Mitochondria are always passed from mother to children and men cannot pass mtDNA to his children |
| How is the mitochondria used to trace ancestry? | Differences in the sequence found in mtDNA provide a series of markers called haplotypes, which can be used to trace ancestry |
| Y Chromosome Testing (Paternal) | For tracing ancestry using Y chromosome |
| How is the Y chromosome used to trace ancestry? | Since only sons receive genes of Y chromosome from their father and pass to their sons, use haplotypes to trace paternal inheritance |
| Can DNA free prisoners who were wrongly convicted? | Yes, they can appeal the decision using DNA testing. Most common (70%) wrong conviction came from incorrect eyewitness account or identification. More than 300 have been released. |
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