Ms. Giomi's AP Psych- Mod. 44,45, and 46
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35 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Personality | The unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that charaterize a person. |
| (Psychoanalytic) Psychosexual Stage (Theory of Personality) | Sigmund Freud believed that one's personality was essentially set in early childhood. He proposed a psychosexual stage theory of personality. Four stages: oral, anal, phallic, and adult genital. Suggested that a child could get fixated on any one stage resulting from being either undergratified or overgratified. |
| Oedipus Crisis | A crisis Freud thought that boys went through during the phallic stage of his psychosexual stage theory of personality. Boys sexual desire for their mothers and the view of their fathers as rivals for their mother's love. |
| Psychoanalytic Personality Theory | Freud theorized that personality consists of three parts: id, ego, and superego. |
| Id | Propelled by the pleasure principle; it wants immediate gratification. |
| Ego | Follows the reality principle; it negotiates between the desires of the id and the limitations of the environment, acting as a mediator between the two. |
| Superego | Our sense of conscience, how we think about what is right and wrong. |
| Defense Mechanisms | An element of Freud's Psychoanalytic Personality Theory. Used by the ego to help protect the conscious mind. There nine stages. |
| Repression | Blocking thoughts out from conscious awareness. |
| Denial | Not accepting the ego-threatening truth. |
| Displacement | Redirecting one's feeling toward another person or object. |
| Projection | Believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself. |
| Reaction Formation | Expressing the opposite of how one truly feels. |
| Regression | Returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior. |
| Rationalization | Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence. |
| Intellectualization | Undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic. |
| Sublimination | Channeling one's frustration toward a different and more socially acceptable goal. |
| Trait Theorists | Believed that we can describe people's personalities by specifying their main characteristics, or traits. These characteristics are thought to be stable and to motivate behavior in keeping the trait. |
| Big 5 Personality Traits | A number of contemporary trait theorists believe that personality can be described using these 5 personality characteristics: agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, emotional stability, and extraversion. |
| Somatotype Personality Theory | William Sheldon identified three body types: endomorphs (fat), mesomorphs (muscular), and ectomorphs (thin). Personality traits were associate with each of the body types. |
| Social-Cognitive Personality Theories | Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context. Combine behaviorists' emphasis on the importance of the environment with cognitive psychologists' focus on patterns of thought. I.e. Albert Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism. |
| Reciprocal Determinism | Albert Bandura suggested that personality is created by an interaction between the person (traits), the environment, and the person's behavior. Each of these three factors influences the other two in a constant reciprocal loop. |
| Locus of Control | Julian Rotter described two characteristic ways of thinking about influences on successes and failures. People with an internal locus of control believe they are responsible for what happens to them. People with an external locus of control generally believe that luck and other forces outside of their own control determine their destinies. |
| Humanistic Theories of Personality | View people at innately good and able to determine their own destinies through the excersize of free will. Stresses the importance of people's subjective experience and feelings. Psychologists: Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. |
| Unconditional Positive Regard | Carl Rogers' personality theory is based on the belief that people are innately good and require certain things from their interactions with others. An attitude of total acceptance toward another person. Rogers believes that people must feel accepted in order to make strides toward self-actualization. |
| Projective Personality Tests | Often used by psychoanalysts. Involve asking people to interpret ambiguous stimuli. Psychoanalysts believe that people's interpretations reflect their unconscious thoughts. People are thought to project their unconscious thoughts onto the ambiguous stimuli. I.e. the Rorschach inkblot test and Thematic Appercerption Test (TAT) |
| Validity | Good personality tests are both valid and reliable. A personality test is valid when it measures what the test claims to measure, it is accurate. |
| Reliability | Good personality tests are both valid and reliable. A personality test is reliable when it returns consistent results. |
| Self-Actualization | According to Abraham Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfull one's potential. |
| Self-Concept | All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" |
| Personality Inventory | A questionaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. |
| MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) | The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. |
| Empirically Derived Test | A test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups. |
| Learned Helplessness | The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. |
| Spotlight Effect | Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us). |
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