1.
Accessory pigments: absorb wavelengths of light missed by primary pigments
2.
Calvin Cycle: enzymes in the stroma use CO2 from the air and chemical energy from the energy-carrier molecules to synthesize a three-carbon sugar that will be used to make glucose
3.
chemiosmosis: energy of electron movement through the thylakoid membrane creates an H+ gradient that drives ATP synthesis in a process called
4.
cuticle: a transparent, waxy, waterproof covering that reduces the evaporation of water from the leaf
5.
Electromagnetic Spectrum: ranges from short-wavelength gamma rays, through ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light, to long-wavelength radio waves
6.
electron transport chains: each consist of a series of electron carrier molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane
7.
epidermis: both the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf consist of a layer of transparent cells called
8.
light reactions: chlorophyll and other molecules embedded in the chloroplast thylakoid membranes capture sunlight energy and convert some of it into chemical energy stored in the energy-carrier molecules ATP and NADPH; Water is split apart and oxygen gas is released as a byproduct
9.
mesophyll: where the chloroplasts are located and where photosynthesis occurs
10.
Photons: Light is composed of individual packets of energy called
11.
Photosynthesis: the process by which solar energy is trapped and stored as chemical energy in the bonds of a sugar
12.
photosystems: consisting of a cluster of chlorophyll and accessory pigment molecules surrounded by various proteins
13.
Primary pigment molecules: molecule that absorbs colors of light; such as chlorophyll
14.
reaction center: within each photosystem consists of a pair of specialized chlorophll a molecules
15.
stomata: Leaves obtain CO2 for photosynthesis from the air through pores in the epidermis called
16.
stroma: Chloroplasts are organelles with a double membrane enclosing a fluid called
17.
thylakoids: Embedded in the stroma are disk-shaped membranous sacs called
18.
vascular bundle: forms veins in the leaf and supply water and minerals to the mesophyll
