| Term | Definition |
|---|
| What is the cognitive triad for depression? | a negative view of 1) self, 2) environment/others, 3) the future |
| a major concern for CBT for depression is? | that more research is needed to prove it's efficacy, particularly in regards to severe depression |
| what is the target of change for the CBT protocol? | cognitive distortions, global negative associations |
| what is an early maladaptive schema? | belief systems that have developed and maintained through time from family of origin experiences |
| what is the structure of CBT sessions? | 1) initial session prior to first therapy session where intakes may be done, 2) initial therapeutic session, 3) following sessions |
| some tasks that may be accomplished in an initial session prior to the initial CBT therapeutic session are | establish rapport, intake, educate, instill hope, discuss expectations and goals |
| some tasks that may be accomplished in the initial CBT therapeutic session are | set agenda, mood check, identify and review problems, assign homework, elicit feedback |
| some tasks that may be accomplished in the following CBT sessions are | bridge from previous sessions, review homework, summary and feedback |
| Beckian cognitive therapists | adhere to the structure of the CBT session quite rigidly |
| What are some major assessment methods for CBT? | BDI, BAI, homework, feedback, thought logs, assessing automatic thoughts |
| what client characteristics best fit with CBT protocol? | higher functioning (i.e. employed), introspective, organized |
| what therapist characteristics best fit with CBT protocol? | warm, empathetic, logical and organized, comfortable with an active approach to therapy |
| what does not seem to be an important factor in the CBT protocol? | age |
| what is collaborative empiricism? | where therapist and client both approach the client's automatic thoughts and schemas much like a scientist approaches a question |
| what are "booster" sessions in CBT? | follow-up sessions at 3, 6, or 12 month intervals after termination |
| what are the four domains in which IPT therapists work? | 1) grief, 2) interpersonal disputes, 3) transitions, 4) interpersonal deficits |
| what is the theoretical position of IPT? | they emphasize current relationship issues that contribute to difficulties, while still recognizing bio-psychosoical factors |
| what areas of functioning do IPT therapists address? | 1) acute symptom removal, 2) prevention of depression relapse, 3) correction of causal psych problems, and 4) a correction of secondary consequences of depression |
| what do IPT therapists mean by the "sick role" | the patient must reduce their responsibilities during the early phase of treatment just as if they were physically ill |
| What are the 4 applications of IPT for depression? | 1) BPD, 2) group therapy, 3) conjoint therapy, 4) severely ill patients |
| what clients may be contraindicated for IPT? | people with comorbid pyschotic disorders, who are in inpatient settings, who are suicidal, or who use substances |
| what therapist characteristics best fit within an IPT approach? | active, supportive of medical models, informed about depression, comfortable with providing psycho-education. The therapist is the optimistic expert who can follow specified treatment strategies |
| what are the phases of IPT? | 1) Early - sessions 1-4, 2) Middle - sessions 5-12 and is for actively working through focal area, and 3) Final - sessions 13-16 and is for shift to termination though focal work still takes place |
| What is an interpersonal inventory? | it assesses the interpersonal world of the client, and may draw on family history. the goal is to get a clear perspective on important people - past and present - in the client's life |
| What are the three interrelated modules for FFT treatment of Bipolar Disorder? | 1) psycho-education, 2) communication enhancement training (CET), and 3) problem-solving skills training |
| what is Affective Dysregulation? | Bipolar 1 is an extreme form of this; swinging mood states from low to high |
| Why are comorbid concerns an important component of the Bipolar FFT protocol? | FFT is designed to consider all of the issues that diseases bring along with them, and an extremely large percentage (61%) of bipolar individuals meet comorbid criteria |
| What is the vulnerability-stress model? | another way to describe FFT; a way to deal with normal stressors to keep them from causing a dramatic decrease in functioning |
| Review the basic assumptions of the FFT model? | (pg. 4 on the protocol) - 1) treatment should involve the client and the client's support network/family, 2) an accurate history of mood-related issues is essential in order to discern bipolar from schizophrenia and other types of mood disorders, stressors are integral to the course of the disease, and physiological and psychological factors of the illness cannot be separated, and the structure of the therapy is designed to parallel the medical stages of treatment |
| What does FFT mean by social rhythms? | life events such as daily routines and sleep cycles which can contribute to the onset of bipolar symptoms |
| What does FFT mean by expressed emotion? | the terms in which family stress primarily comes (criticism, hostility, etc.); may use the Camberwell Family Interview |
| Review the training protocol for FFT? | (pg. 7 of the protocol); 1) attend supervision, 2) read treatment manual, 3) watch samples of FFT on film, 4) serve as co-therapists, 5) take on at least 2 cases under supervision, and 6) finally begin indepenent work and train others |
| What skills are focused on in CET component of FFT? | most likely maintenance stage, but could be stabilizing stage 1) resolving family conflict, 2) behavioral changes, 3) learning to listen, 4) learn to regulate and positively express emotion |
| What skills are focused on in the problem-solving component of FFT? | maintenance stage; 1) identify specific bipolar-related problems (i.e. how to find a job), 2) becoming more independent |
| What is involved in the exposure treatment for PD? | interoceptive exposure - creating bodily sensations that cause panic; in vivo exposure - exposing clients to real-life panic-provoking stimuli; i.e.Bodily sensations and experiential work |
| What is a panic attack? | discreet episodes of intense dread or fear accompanied by physical or cognitive symptoms - often out of the blue - often trigger avoidance |
| How might agoraphobia emerge as a result of PD? | Fear of an attack leads to compensatory avoidance of feared settings |
| What is the PCT conceptualization of PD? | an acquired fear of bodily sensations, especially those that elicited by the ANS (autonomic nervous system) |
| What is "fear of fear"? | a fear of certain bodily sensations associated with panic attacks. People develop "interoceptive conditioning" – a conditioned fear to internal cues. (i.e. metafear) |
| What are the targets for treatment according to PCT? | Acute fear of bodily sensations, Chronic anxiety about panic attacks and associated bodily sensations, Agoraphobic avoidance |
| What are the various assessment instruments used for PD? | Interviews – SCID; Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule; Medical evaluation, Self-Monitoring, Standardized Inventories – BAI; Mobility Inventory; Anxiety Sensitivity Index; Albany Panic and Phobic Questionnaire; Anxiety Control Questionnaire; Dyadic Adjustment Scale: Marital Happiness Scale; Behavioral Tests – Used to measure the degree of avoidance of specific situations; Psychophysiology – biofeedback; neurofeedback |
| What is a functional analysis (PCT)? | 1. Panic Attack Topography, 2. Antecedents, 3. Misappraisals, 4. Behavioral Reactions to Panic Attacks, 5. Behavioral Reactions to Anticipation of Panic Attacks |
| What are the various components of PCT? | a) cognitive restructuring, b) breathing retraining, c) applied relaxation, d) interoceptive exposure, and e) in-vivo exposure |
| What is interoceptive exposure (PCT)? | Instigating bodily sensations that stimulate or simulate the ANS while therapist is present |
| What is the "three-response model" for assessing social anxiety? | Clients are asked to describe cognitive, physiological, and behavioral aspects – what they feel, think, and do. Clients are also informed that the "reasons why" panic attacks began in the first place might not be uncovered, and that is not that important that they are uncovered |
| What is the core feature of Social Anxiety? | clients fear a variety of situations – performance situations, job interviews, participating in board meetings in the workplace, classroom situations, social gatherings and parties, supervisory situations, dating situations, social assertiveness, public speaking, and interpersonal interaction in general – with overwhelming terror. |
| What is the primary instrument used for assessing Social Anxiety? | Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Lifetime Version (ADIS-IV-L). This clinical instrument assesses for anxiety disorders, comorbid conditions, and current and lifetime anxiety disorders. The instrument also contains screening questions for psychotic disorders |
| How has our understanding of Social Anxiety evolved from the DSM-III to the DSM-IV? | more pervasive than originally understood in the DSM-III (categorized as a simple phobia, in which fears were perceived to a limited number of social situations). The DSM-IV recognizes the pervasiveness of the disorder along with its complexity. |
| What is the distinction between "generalized" and "non-generalized" Social Anxiety? | The latter designation is applied to those individuals who experience social fears related to one or two performance situations, but who can experience performance situations. Most clients who experience the generalized form of social anxiety also experience the performance situations. |
| What are clients exposed to in the treatment of Social Anxiety? How is the exposure carried out? | exposure to feared social situations in session w/ the multiple group members and the two therapists serving as a variety of role-play partners. Group members can also provide credible feedback on another member's performance and counter evidence to other members regarding distorted thinking. |
| What are the components of the belief systems experienced by clients with Social Anxiety? | that they are unacceptable to other people & that the evaluation of others is extremely important |
| How do clients who experience Social Anxiety tend to view other people? How might their view impact the therapeutic relationship? | They view others as inherently critical; therefore, socially anxious clients believe that others will negatively evaluate them in some form, particularly in social situations. In line with these beliefs, socially anxious individuals also believe that others hold expectations of them that they cannot meet. Those with social anxiety are likely to view relationships as competitive and hierarchically. Given this belief, people who experience social anxiety are less likely to assert themselves in social situations |
| How do clients who experience Social Anxiety tend to process information from the perspective of cognitive schemas? | potential social threat cues. Because people narrow their attention to social threat cues, these cues tend to become exaggerated in importance |
| What is the Social Anxious cycle | those who experience social anxiety believe that 1) they are unacceptable to others, and 2) the evaluation of others is extremely important to them; thus they become hypervigilant |
| What are the components of the CBGT model? | exposure to feared social situations in session; cognitive restructuring; homework assignments for in vivo exposure and associated cognitive restructuring |
| What purposes do the pre-treatment interviews serve in CBGT? | Assessment, education and preparation for group setting |
| What is the core characteristic of GAD? | chronic, lifelong worry for no explainable reason |
| Why is GAD designated by many clinicians as the "basic anxiety disorder"? | it is a component of other anxiety disorders |
| How has our understanding of GAD evolved over the past couple of decades? | we now recognize the persistent worry unrelated to other disorders and the feeling of uncontrollability; in the past GAD was not recognized as an individual construct |
| What is anxious apprehension? | it's one of the core features of GAD; it's a future-oriented mood state in which one is prepared to cope with perceived upcoming negative events; hallmarked by hyperarousal and focus on threats |
| What are the components of the treatment model for GAD? | 1) excessive, uncontrollable worry, 2) persistent over-arousal |
| What is the primary assessment instrument used by most researchers for GAD? | the ADIS - IV - L (Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule - DSM IV - Lifetime), also questionnaires |
| What is meant by the statement that for many GAD clients the chronic worry is ego-syntonic? | clients believe that their worry is adaptive and is preventing harm from befalling them |
| What are some of the cognitive belief systems revolving around GAD chronic worry? | 1) the world is threatening, 2) worry prevents catastrophies, 3) worry helps one cope with real negative events |
| How does GAD influence the ANS | it suppresses it and thus limits one being subjected to other kinds of anxiety |
| Why is time management and problem-solving included in the protocol for GAD? | they are usually worked on simultaneously; they both help the client to feel less overwhelmed |
| What are the core characteristics that define PTSD? | 1) re-experiencing symptoms, 2) avoidance and numbing symptoms, 3) physiological hyperarousal |
| What is S.A.M, as it relates to PTSD? | situational accessed memories; unconscious, uncontrolled, and involve sensory, physiological, and motor memory. come up in relevent situations |
| What is V.A.M. as it relates to PTSD? | verbal accessible memories; easily retrieved, can be edited and reinterpreted |
| What are some re-experiencing symptoms for PTSD? | flashbacks, nightmares, triggers |
| What are some avoidance/numbing symptoms for PTSD? | avoiding places or thoughts, forgetting events, detached affect |
| What are some hyper-arousal symptoms for PTSD? | hypervigilance, high startle response, scanning, inability to sleep, and lack of concentration |
| For PTSD clients, what is meant by "fear stimuli?" | a non-related trigger that reminds the person of the traumatic event - i.e. a car backfiring sounds like a gunshot |
| How is SIT (stress innoculation training) used in PTSD protocol and what is it's primary purpose? | SIT helps clients deal with stress on on three primary levels: 1) physical, 2) behavioral/motor, 3) cognitive; it's intended to help teach coping skills by using relaxation breathing control, modeling, thought stopping, role-playing, and guided self-dialogue |
| What are some of the assessments used in working with PTSD clients? | 1) client history, 2) structured interview (DSM-IV-SCID or CAPS), and 3) self-reports. some checklists might be used as well such as the Traumatic Stress questionnaire or Combat Exposure Scale. |
| How is exposure used in working with PTSD? | systematic desensitization does NOT work. Instead, extended exposure to feared cues or to the trauma memory is used. This is known as prolonged exposure (PE) |
| What are the findings regarding PE for PTSD clients? | PE is more effective than SIT alone, though a combination of both seems to work best |
| What are the findings regarding EMDR for PTSD? | the jury is still out, though there may be some positive results; usually EMDR is used in a package with exposure and cognitive therapy as well. |
Combine with other sets
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