Soc test 2
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75 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 expressiveness | concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family |
| feminism | the belief in social, economic, and political equality for women |
| gender role | expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females. |
| glass ceiling | an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity |
| homophobia | fear of and prejudice against homosexuality |
| institutional discrimination | the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society |
| instrumentality | an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions |
| matrix of domination | the cumulative impact of oppression because of race and ethnicity, gender, and social class, as well as religion, sexual orientation, disability, age, and citizenship status |
| multiple masculinities | a variety of male gender roles, including nurturing, caring and housework--that many women face and few men share equitably |
| sexism | the ideology that one sex is superior to the other |
| amalgamation | the process through which a majority group with a minority group combine to form a new group |
| anti-semitism | anti-jewish prejudice |
| apartheid | a former policy of the South African government, designed to maintain the separation of Blacks nad other non-whites from the dominant Whites |
| assimilation | the process through which a person forsakes his or her cultural tradition to become part of a different culture |
| black power | a political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions |
| color-blind racism | the use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo |
| contact hypothesis | an interactionist perspective, which states that, in cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal status will reduce prejudice |
| ethnic group | a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns |
| ethnocentrism | the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. |
| exploitation theory | a marxist theory that views racial subordination in the United States as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism |
| hate crime | a criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation |
| institutional discrimination | the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society |
| model, or ideal, minority | a subordinate group whose members supposedly have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally despite past prejudice and discrimination, and without resorting to confrontations with Whites. |
| pluralism | mutual respect for one another's cultures among the various groups in a society, which allows minorities to express their cultures without experiencing prejudice |
| racial formation | a sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed |
| racial group | a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance |
| racial profiling | any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior |
| symbolic ethnicity | an ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage |
| transnational | an immigrant who sustains multiple social relationships that link his or her society of origin with the society of settlement |
| white privilege | rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit or favor simply because they are White |
| borderlands | the area of common culture along the border between Mexico and the United States |
| colonialism | the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period. |
| dependency theory | an approach that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain. |
| globalization | the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas. |
| human rights | universal moral rights possessed by all people because they are human |
| modernization | the far-reaching process by which periphery nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies. |
| modernization theory | a functionalist approach that proposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in developing nations. |
| mulitnational corporation | a commercial organization that is headquartered in one country but does business throughout the world |
| neocolonialism | continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries. |
| remittances | the monies that immigrants return to their families of origin |
| world systems analysis | a view of the global economic system as one divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited. |
| absolute poverty | a minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below |
| bourgeoisie | Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production |
| capitalism | an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits |
| caste | a hereditary ranks, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile. |
| class | a group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income |
| class consciousness | in Karl Marx's view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change |
| class system | a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility |
| closed system | a social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual social mobility |
| corporate welfare | tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants that the government gives to corporations |
| digital divide | the relative lack of access to the latest technologies among low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries. |
| dominant ideology | a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests. |
| estate system | a system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services |
| esteem | the reputation that a specific person has earned within an occupation |
| false consciousness | a term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position |
| feminization of poverty | a trend in which women constitute an increasing proportion of the poor people of the United States |
| Horizontal mobility | the movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank |
| intergenerational mobility | changes in the social position of children relative to their parents. |
| intragenerational mobility | changes in social position within a person's adult life |
| life chances | the opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences |
| objective method | a technique for measuring social class that assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence |
| open system | a social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status |
| power | the ability to exercise one's will over others |
| precarious work | employment that is poorly paid, and from the worker's perspective, insecure and unprotected |
| prestige | the respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society |
| proletariat | Karl Marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society |
| relative poverty | a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole |
| social inequality | a condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power |
| social mobility | movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another |
| socioeconomic status (SES) | a measure of social class that is based on income, education, and occupation |
| status group | people who have the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of class positions |
| stratification | a structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society |
| underclass | the long-term poor who lack training and skills |
| vertical mobility | the movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank |
| wealth | an inclusive term encompassing all a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property |
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