APHG Ch. 8 Political Geography
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mikhayla_riegel on November 5, 2011
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 political geography | the study of the political organization of the world |
| state | A politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government |
| territoriality | The attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area. Defined by Robert Sack |
| sovereignty | a principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states |
| territorial integrity | the right of a state to defend soverign territory against incurrsion from other states |
| mercantilism | a protectionist policy of European states during the 16th-18th centuries that promoted a state's economic position in the contest with other countries |
| Peace of Westphalia | Peace negotiated in 1648 to end the Thirty Years' War, Europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion. The treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security |
| nation | a group of people who think of themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture and history, and who seek some degree of political-territorial autonomy |
| nation-state | a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space |
| democracy | government based on the principle that the people are the ultimate soverign and have the final say over what happens within the state |
| multination state | a state with more than one nation inside its borders (Yugoslavia) |
| stateless nation | nation that does not have a state |
| colonialism | rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place; creates unequal cultural and economic relations |
| scale | Representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization. |
| capitolism | economic model wherein people, corporations, and staes produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit |
| commodification | the process of placing a price on a good and then buying, selling, and trading the good. |
| core | Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world-economy. |
| periphery | Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; and generate less wealth than core processes in the world-economy. |
| semiperiphery | place where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery |
| ability | In the context of political power, the capacity of a state to influence other states or achieve its goals through diplomatic, economic, and militaristic means. |
| centripetal | forces that tend to unify a country- such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared idealogical objectives, and a common faith |
| centrifugal | Forces that tend to divide a country-such as international religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences |
| unitary | Centralized government system, generally has a central capital as the focus of power. |
| federal | A political-territorial system wherein a central government represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have common interests-defense, foreign affairs, and the like-yet allows these various entities to retain their own identities and to have their own laws, policies, and customs in certain spheres. |
| devolution | movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state. |
| territorial representation | system wherein each representative is elected from a territorially defined district |
| reapportionment | Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people. |
| splitting | In the context of determining representative districts, the process by which the majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts; as opposed to the result of majority-minority districts |
| majority-minority districts | packed districts in which a majority of the opulation is from the minority |
| gerrymandering | Redistricting for advantage, or the practice of dividing areas into electoral districts to give one political party an electoral majority in a large number of districts while concentrating the voting strength of the opposition in as few districts as possible |
| boundary | vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below, and the airspace above the surface, dividing one state territory from another |
| geometric boundary | boundaries that are drawn using grid systems such as latitude and longitude or township and range |
| physical-political boundary | boundaries that follow an agreed-upon feature in the physical geographic landscape, such as the center point of a river or the crest of a mountain range |
| heartland theory | Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world. |
| critical geopolitics | process by which geopoliticians deconstruct and focus on explaining the underlying spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politicians |
| unilateralism | world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process |
| supranational organization | an entity composed of three or more states that forgge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit and in pursuit of shared goals |
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