AP Biology
Order by
77 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Prokaryotic | has a nucleoid, area of concentrated DNA that is not bound in a membrane. |
| Eukaryotic | has a nucleus, membrane bound area of DNA |
| Cytoplasm | area between the nuclear area and the cell membrane, structures are suspended in the cytosol |
| Phospholipids | the plasma membrane is a bilayer of _________ enbedded with proteins |
| Nuclear Envelope | double membrane of lipids embedded with proteins; enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores continuous with ER |
| Pores | opening used for transport |
| Protein Complex | protein structures in the pore that regulate transport |
| Nuclea Lamina | net-like structures of protein fibers that shape the nucleus |
| Nucleolus | help form ribosomal subunits that are carried out to the cytoplasm and assembled into ribosomes for protein synthesis |
| Nuclear Matrix | internal protein framework |
| Free (floating) Ribosomes | ribosomes suspended in the cytosol |
| Bound (attached) Ribosomes | ribosomes attached to the ER or nuclear membrane |
| Cytology | study of the cells |
| Cell Fractionation | takes cells apart and separates the organelles that can then be studied |
| Homogenization | disruption of the cells |
| Pellet | larger, heavier structures packed at the bottom |
| Supernatant | lighter, smaller parts suspended in the liquid above the pellet |
| Lenses | bends light to magnify the image |
| Magnification | ratio of the image to the real size |
| Resolution | clarity of the image |
| Transmission Electron Microscope | study internal ultrastructures |
| Scaning Electron Microscope | study the surface of the specimen |
| Tight Junctions | fused membranes between cells prevent leakage of extracellular fluids |
| Desmosomes (anchoring) | fasten cells together into a sheet keratin, protein fibers reinforcement |
| Gap Junctions | cytoplasmic channels for chemical communication |
| Plasmodesmata | channels in the cell walls that connect plant cell to plant cell cytosol bridges |
| Extracellular Matrix (ECM) | in animals; communication; made of glyco protein, especially collagen embedded with prtocogloycans; a woven network |
| Fibronectins | help attach the ECM to the cell |
| Integrins | proteins that attach to the cell membrane |
| Cell Wall | in plants; protection for plant cell; maintains shape; controls water uptake; made of microfibrils of cellulose embedded with proteins and other polysaccharides |
| Primary | ________ cell wall - first, thin, flexible |
| Middle Lamella | part of the cell wall; glue, made of pection |
| Secondary | _________ cell wall - adds between the plasma membrane and primary; found in the most plants |
| Mitochondria | "powerhouse of the cell"; site of cellular resperation; has their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes; double membraned; mobile, moves around the cell |
| Cristan | inner mitochondria; increases surface area |
| Matrix | "cytosol" of the mitochondria, contains the enzymes for respir. |
| Chloroplast | site of photosynthesis; contain the pigment; chlorphill, that traps sun for energy; has their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes; doubled membraned |
| Thylakoid | sacs on the inside of the choroplast |
| Grana | stacks of the thylakoids; contains stroma |
| Stroma | chloroplast contains __________ - enxymes, DNA, and ribosomes |
| Peroxisomes | single membraned; contains enzymes that carry H to O to make H2O2 (hydroperoxide) as a by product |
| Fatty Acids | peroxisomes breakdown ___________ so they can be used in repiration |
| Acohol | peroxisomes detoxify __________ and other drugs |
| Other Hydroperoxide | peroxisomes breaksdown ___________ to water |
| Glyoxsomes | speialized perioxisomes found in fat-storage tissues of plants, breakdown of fatty acids to sugar |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | membraneous tubles and cisternae |
| Cisternae | __________ sepatate the internal membranes form the cytosol; acts like a tunnel |
| Smooth ER | no ribosomes; synthesis of lipids like sex hormones and steroids; |
| Carbs | smooth ER metabolism of _________ (liver) |
| Muscle Contractions | pumps Ca+ to be used for ______________ |
| Rough ER | ribosomes attach; processes the proteins made by the ribosomes by adding other molecules, changing the conformation, and the expels them in a transport vesicle |
| Membranes | rought ER process proteins to make more ________ |
| Golgi Apparatus | "packaging plant"; place where the products of er are modified, stored, and transfered to other places in the cell |
| Cis Face | in the golgi apparatus receives materials near the ER |
| Trans Face | in the golgi apparatus it ships materials, makes transport vesicles |
| Lysosomes | "suicide sacs" or "stomachs of the cell"; digestive compartments that contain catilic enzymes; intracellular digestion by phagocytosis |
| Autophagy | in the lysosomes __________ - recycling of its own cell organs materials |
| Food Vacuoles | storage of food; formed by phogocytosis |
| Contractile Vacuoles | pumps out excess water of most unicellular protists |
| Central Vacuole | in plant cells, tonoplast is its membrane: 80% of plant cells; stores excess water to maintain turgor pressure, removes waste for metablic pathways |
| Cytoskelton | network of supporting fibers in the cytosol; maintains shape of the cell; used in motility of the cell; transmits mechanical forces from the cell's surface to its interior |
| Mircotubles | made of tublin (protein); hallow; compression resistance; maintains cell shape; helps move oforganelles |
| Chromtin | microtubles help move ___________ in cell division; material consisting of DNA and proteins, visible as individual chromosomes in a divding cells |
| Centrosomes | -------> centrioles in animal cells |
| Cilia | hair like motor appendages, rowing movement |
| Flagella | whip like motor appendages, undulation movement; cluster of mircotubules within an extension of the plasma membrane |
| Basal | where the falella and cilia anchor down in the cytosol |
| Dynein | protein molecules that connect mircotubules in the cilia and fagella; "cat walk" movement |
| Mircofilaments | made of solid rods of actin proteins; tension bearing; maintains cell shape; muscle contraction |
| Cytoplasmic Streaming | transports matherial |
| Pseudopod | cell motility |
| Clevage Furrow | cell division |
| Intermediate Fibers | tension bearing; thick "cables" of proteins; keeps cell shape; anchor the nucleus and other organellles; do not disassemble easily like the other cytoskeletal parts |
| Lamina | intermediate fibers forms nuclear ___________ |
| Microvilli | projections that increase the cell's surface area |
| Plasma Membrane | membrane enclosing the cell |
| Ribosomes | makes proteins, free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.