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Components of Emotions Physiological, Expressive, Experiential Physiological Emotions How your body changes or responds to different emotions Expressive Emotions What you display (happy/sad) EX: facial emotions, how you look physically Experiential Emotions Your subjective feeling of emotion May be different for everyone Personal interpretation of an emotion Functions of Emotions Regulate our behavior Influence cognition Affect interactions Social Referencing When children use other's responses as a guide for their emotional responses Interactive Synchrony How child/parent/caregiver are interacting will influence how they respond to peers later on. Self-Conscious Emotions Awareness of self in accordance with others After age 2 Guilt, shame, envy, pride Display Rules Unwritten cultural guidelines governing how/when/where emotion is displayed Different in different cultures (U.S vs. China/Japan) Parents influence emotional development Important Developmental Achievement Is the ability to regulate one's emotions Emotional Self-Efficacy Ability to accept and be in control of one's emotions Internalizing Turning emotions inward instead of expressing them May cause depression Attachment Strong bond that emerges between infant/caregiver Enduring social and emotional relationship Theories of Attachment Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) Contact Comfort (Harlow & Harlow) Ethological View (Bolwby) Trust vs. Mistrust (Erickson) Contact Comfort (Harlow & Harlow) Security provided by a physically soothing object, played greater role in attachment than the simple act of feeding. - Did the cloth mother monkey and the wire mother monkey Ethological View (Bolwby) Attachment occurs because infants have innate tendency to signal and the caregiver has predisposition to react to the signals - Studied infants in institutions. some died bc there were too many children for caregivers to promote an emotional bond Sequence of Attachment 1. Preattachment (0-2 months) - Signaling behavior - infants signal/caregiver responds 2. Attachment in making (3-5 months) - Restriction to Response - Begin to signal to certain people 3. Strong/True Attachment (6-12 months) - show strong attachment to single person - show separation anxiety/stranger anxiety 4. Final Phase (3 years) - Reciprocal Relationships - Can recognize when someone is happy and share experience Erickson's View of Attachment Basic Trust vs. Mistrust Antecedents of Attachment Security Caretaker responsiveness to infant's signals Sensitivity to child's cues and interpretation Accepting of their role as caregiver Gentle persuasion rather than assertive control Accessible caregiver Negative Caregiver Responses Rigid to interactions Unresponsive Demanding Not feeling positive about role Eye Contact Infants who feel comfortable with caregiver will make synchronized eye contact with caregiver Measurement of Interaction Reaction of child when mom leaves and stranger is there as well as the reunion of mother Types of Attachment Secure Attachment Avoidant Resistant Disorganized Secure Attachment Good reunion behavior Distress when caregiver is gone Secure base (explore environment while "checking-in" with parent) Avoidant Avoid interactions with primary caregiver Resistant Interact with caregiver and when caregiver leaves, they resist being comforted. Comes from very inconsistent responses from caregivers Disorganized May show preference for caregiver/may not May show distress when caregiver leaves/may not Temperament Refers to HOW children behave as opposed to WHAT they do or WHY they do it - different in general disposition - stable well into adolescents Categorizing Temperament Easy Babies Difficult Babies Slow-to-Warm Up Babies Inconsistently Categorized Babies