| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Follow a set of rules and accept the government's authority | As a citizen, what do you agree to do? |
| Because without them, life would be horrible and people would only think about themselves | Why did Hobbes believe that people needed governments? |
| Because governments have a limited amount of money and must make sure that they use it wisely | Why is planning a budget important to a government's success? |
| The national government make laws that affect the entire country while state governments only make laws for their individual state | How so the general duties of the national governmant differ from those of the state governments? |
| Dictatorship: the government is controlled by only one person or a select few people; Democracy: the citizens run the government | What is the difference between a dictatorship and democracy? |
| Direct democracy: all citizens participate firsthand in the government; Representative democracy: citizens choose a smaller group to represent them | What is the difference between a direct democracy and a representative democracy? |
| Sign a statement saying that they want to become a citizen | What is the first step an alien takes to become a citizen? |
| For work and a better life | Why do you think that aliens come to the US? |
| Having citizenship in two countries | What is dual citizenship? |
| If they were born outside of the US but both of their parents are citizens or one parent is a citizen that has actually lived in the US | How can an American citizen obtain dual citizenship? |
| Voluntarily give it up (must be done in a foreign country with a formal oath signed in the presence of an American official) | What is the most common way that a person loses American citizenship? |
| Between 1890 and 1924 | When did the largest group of European immigrants come to the US? |
| Diverse | Give one word to describe the American population. |
| Common civic and political heritage based on US founding documents and a single language | What are two sources of American Unity? |
| Spaniards | Who were the first immigrants to what is now the United States? |
| Africans | What immigrants did not come willingly to the United States? |
| civics | The study of the rights and duties of citizens |
| citizens | Community members who owe loyalty to the government and are entitled to protection from it |
| government | The ruling authority for a community |
| Public Policy | A course of government action to achieve community goals |
| budget | A plan for collecting and spending money |
| dictatorship | A government controlled be one person or a small group of people |
| Democracy | A government in which the people rule |
| Direct democracy | A type of democracy in which every citizen perticipates in the government firsthand |
| Representative democracy | A type of democracy in which citizens choose representatives to represent them in the government |
| majority rule | A pricniple of democracy in which when differences of opinion arise, citizens abide by what most people want |
| Naturalization | The legal process by which foreigners can become a citizen |
| Aliens | Noncitizens |
| Immigrant | People who move permanatly to a new country |
| deport | To send an illegal immigrant back to their own country |
| Migration | The mass movement of people from one area to another |
| Patriotism | Love for one's country |
| Terrorism | The use of violence by groups against civilians to achieve a political goal |
| It gave rights to the citizens, took away power from the monarch, and gave power to Parliament | Why was the English Bill of Rights important to English citizens? |
| Monarch | A king or queen |
| Magna Carta | English document stating that no one was above the law, gave rights to landholding citizens, and protected the nobles' rights |
| King John | Monarch that signed the Magna Carta and treated citizens harshly |
| Henry III | King that allowed Parliament to meet |
| Legislature | A lawmaking body |
| Parliament | Lawmaking body of England |
| James II | King that was kicked out of throne and replaced by his daughter and son in law |
| William and Mary | People that came into power after the Glorious Revolution |
| Glorious Revolution | Event that showed that Parliament had more power than the monarch |
| English Bill of Rights | Document stating that the monarch could not suslend Parliament's laws, among other rules giving power to Parliament |
| precedent | A ruling in an earlier case used as a basis for a ruling of a current case |
| Common law | A system of law that is based on precedent and customs and rests on court decisions rather than regulations written by lawmakers |
| colony | A group of people in one place ruled by a parent country elsewhere |
| Charter | Written document granting land and the authority to set up colonial governments |
| Governor and lawmaking body appointed by the Virginia Company | Original government of Jamestown |
| House of Burgesses | The name of the first representative body in Jamestown that was elected by the people |
| Charles I | Monarch that canceled the Virginia Company's charter and made Virginia a royal colony controlled by the crowm |
| James I | King that granted a charter for Virginia |
| John Dickinson | Man that urged his fellow delegates to the Constitutiona Convention to ratify the constitution, even if it wasn't perfect |
| Mayflower Compact | Written plan for government signed by the Plymouth colonists |
| compact | An agreement or contract anomg a group of people |
| Marked the beginning of self government in America | What is the historical significance of Virginia's House of Burgesses? |
| Direct Democracy | What kind of government did the Mayflower Compact set up? |
| Mercantilism | Theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys |
| Stamp Act | Act passed by England requiring all colonists to attatch expensive tax stamps to newspapers and legal documents |
| boycott | To refuse to buy or use |
| repeal | To cancel |
| Declaratory Act | Act passed by England stating that Parliament had the right to tax and make decisions for the colonies in all cases |
| Townshend Acts | Act passed by England that levied new taxes on goods imported to the colonies |
| Tea Act | Act passed by England that did not require the East Indian Trading Company to pay taxes on tea, which allowed them to sell it cheaper |
| Intolerable Acts | Act passed by England that restricted the colonists rights and allowed British soldiers to search and move in to colonists' homes |
| Coercive Acts | What did England call the Intolerable Acts? |
| George III | Under which king did England adopt a policy of mercantilism? (same king that adopted all of the Acts) |
| Charles Thomson | Designed the seal of the US and was the secretary to the Continantal Congress |
| delegates | Representatives |
| The First Continental Congress | What group sent a letter to King George III asking that the Intolorable Acts be repealed? |
| Independence | Self-reliance and freedom from outside control? |
| To decide whether or not they should break away from Britain | Why did colonists gather at the Second Continental Congress? |
| To protect the rights of the people | According to the Declaration of Independence, what is the purpose of government? |
| George III | Under what king did colonists break away from England? |
| In order to pay off debt for the French and Indian War | Why did Great Britain raise taxes on American colonists after 1763? |
| Josiah Martain | The last royal governor of North Carolina |
| constitution | A written plan for government |
| bicameral | Another name for a two-house legislature |
| The Massachusetts Constitution | What constitution was used as the basis for the American Constitution? |
| The Articles of Confederation | The first constitution of the US that was very weak |
| Confederation | A group of individuals who band together for a common purpose |
| one | How many votes did each state have under the Articles of Confederation? |
| Ratify | To approve |
| Amend | To change |
| Separation of powers, checks and balances, not created by legislature but by a special convention | How did the Massachusetts state constitution differ from most other state constitutions? |
| Charles Pickney | Youngest delegate to constitutional convention |
| Benjamin Franklin | Oldest Delegate to the constitutional convention |
| 55 | How many men attended the Constitutional Convention |
| 19 | # Delgates to become senators |
| 13 | # delegates to become H of R members |
| 4 | # delegates to become justices |
| 4 | # delegates to be on Supreme Court |
| Because the delegates wanted to be able to speak freely without being judged on what they said later | Why were there no records at the Constitutional Convention? |
| Rhode Island | What state did not have a delegate to the Constitutional Convention? |
| separation of powers | What was the main thing that the Virginia Plan called for? |
| legislative | Lawmaking branch of government |
| executive | Branch of government that carries out the laws |
| judicial | Branch of government that interprets and applies the laws |
| Virginia had bicameral legislature based on population and New Jersey had a unicameral legislature with equal representation | What was the main difference between the Virginia and New Jersey Plans? |
| A bicameral legislature (Senate with equal representation and House based on population) | What was the main part of the Great Compromise? |
| Each slave counted for three fifths of a free person | What was in the Three-Fifths Compromise? |
| The Electoral College | Who votes for the president? |
| Federalists | Name for supporters of the Constitution |
| federalism | Form of government in which power is divided between the states and national government |
| Anti-Federalists | Name for people that did not like the Constitution |
| Addition of a Bill of Rights | What promise helped get the constitution ratified? |
| Preamble | Part of the Constitution that explains why it was written |
| The Articles | Part of the Constitutionthat explains how the government works |
| the states | What does Article 4 of the Constitution deal with? |
| Amending the constitution | What does Article 5 of the Constitution deal with? |
| The Constitution is the Supreme law of the land | What does Article 6 say? |
| The constitution will take effect after 9 states ratify it | What does article 7 say? |
| Amendment | A change to the Constitution |
| Bill of Rights | Another name for the first 10 amendments |
| income tax | Tax on people's earnings |
| Implied Powers | What type of powers does the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution give Congress? |
| 2/3 vote of Congress or 2/3 state legislatures AND 3/4 of states legislatures or 3/4 of special state conventions agree | Give 2 ways that amendments can be passed |
| Popular sovereignty | Notion that power lies with the people |
| A president or elected leader | Who rules a republic |
| rule of law | Term that means that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern |
| separation of powers | Another word for the split between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches |
| Checks and balances | Principle where all branches of government can check the power of the others |
| Expressed powers | Powers given only to the national government |
| Reserved powers | Powers given only to the state |
| Concurrent powers | Powers shared by the national and state governments |
| Popular Sovereignty, Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances, rule of law, and federalism | 5 main principles listed in the Constitution |
| Civil liberties | Freedoms we have to think and act without government interference ot fear of unfair treatment |
| censorship | The ban of printed materials |
| Petition | A formal request |
| First | Amendment granting freedom of religion, speech, the press, assembly, and to petition |
| Second | Amendment giving the right to bear arms |
| Third | Amendment saying that you cannot be forced to hold soldiers in your home in times of peace |
| Fourth | Amendment preventing against unreasonable searches and seizures |
| Fifth | Amendment preventing double jeapordy, saying that you don't have to testify against yourself, and due process |
| Sixth | Amendment saying that you must be told of your charges, gives accused a jury, gives lawyer |
| Seventh | Amendment saying that a jury must be granted in any civil suit over $20 |
| Eighth | AMendment preventing excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment |
| Tenth | Amendment saying that all powers not given to the government are given to the people |
| Ninth | Amendment saying that rights not listed in the constitution cannot be taken away from the people |
| Eleventh | Amendment about suits against the state |
| Twelfth | Amendment saying that the president and vice president can be elected together (the runner up is not VP) |
| Thirteenth | Amendment abolishing slavery |
| Fourteenth | Amendment protecting the rights of citizens and gave African Americans the right to be citizens |
| Fifteenth | Amendment saying that African Americans have the right to vote |
| Sixteenth | Amendment giving congress the right to collect taxes |
| Seventeenth | Amendment about the direct election of senators |
| Eighteenth | Amendment prohibiting alcohol |
| Nineteenth | Amendment giving women the right to vote |
| Twentieth | Amendment setting the date of when the presidential term ends and tells what happens if the president dies in office |
| Twenty-first | Amendment repealing the prohibition of alcohol |
| Twenty-second | Amendment setting the term limit for a president to two terms (10 years) |
| Twenty-third | Amendment giving electors to DC in presidential elections |
| Twenty-fourth | Amendment getting rid of poll taxes |
| Twenty-fifth | AMendment talking about what happens if the president is disabled |
| Twenty-sixth | Amendment lowering the voting age to 18 |
| Twenty-seventh | Amendment saying that congress cannot give themselves a payraise mid year |
| Jefferson | Who was the founder of the Democratic-Republican Party? |
| Democratic Party | What is the name of the Democratic-Republican Party today? |
| Federalist Party | What party did Hamilton found? |
| to promote a social, economic, or moral issue | Why do single issue parties form? |
| Because they both adopt a moderate view in order to appeal to the most voters | Why do today's political parties seem so similiar? |
| How much the government should be involved | What was the main difference between the original political parties of Jefferson and Hamilton? |
| Whether or not you have to declare your political party before you vote | What is the difference between an open and closed primary? |
| Campaigning for candidate, informing voters, helping manage government, linking levels of government, and acting as a watchdog | What are the 5 main jobs of political parties? |
| So they can tell if their actions are effective to the citizens | Why are government officials interested in public opinion? |
| Because voters change their mind a lot | Why is public opinion on political candidates considered unstable? |
| To make others look bad or to see how the public reacts | Why would a government official leak information to the media? |
| television | What is the most common way form of media? |
| The FCC or the Federal Communications Commissions | What is one government group that regulates broadcasts? |
| Private interest groups work only for a certian group while public interest groups work for the common good | What is the difference between private and public interest groups? |
| In order to figure out what the people want | Why might a lawmaker want to interact with a lobbyist? |
| Because lobbyists bribe lawmakers | Why has lobbying been criticized in the past? |
| The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower cost than another country can | What is comparitave advantage? |
| Tariffs and quotas | What are the 2 main common barriers to trade? |
| The EU | What group in Europe helps link the countries so they can trade more easily? |
| NAFTA | What group helps with trade in North America? |
| WTO | What group helps encourage trade among the world? |
| To help domestic industries | Why do nations place quotas on imported goods? |
| spoken untruths that are harmful to one's reputation | slander |
| a formal request for a government action | petition |
| written untruths that are harmful to one's career | libel |
| a court order allowing law enforcement officers to search a suspects property and take specific items as evidence | search warrant |
| a formal charge by a grand jury | indictment |
| a group of citizens that decides whether there is sufficient evidence to accuse someone of a crime | grand jury |
| putting someone on trial for a crime of which he or she was previously acquitted | double jeopardy |
| following established legal procedures | due process |
| the right of government to take private property for public use | eminent domain |
| a sum of money used as a security deposit to ensurethat an accused person returns for his or her trial | bail |
| the right to vote | suffrage |
| a sum of money required of voters before they arepermitted to cast a ballot | poll tax |
| unfair treatment based on prejudice againsta certain group | discrimination |
| the social separation of the races | segregation |
| the rights of full citizenship and equality underthe law | civil rights |
| programs intended to make up for pastdiscrimination by helping minority groups and womengain access to jobs and opportunities | affirmative action |
| singling out an individual as a suspect dueto appearance of ethnicity | racial profiling |
| an association of voters with broad commoninterests who want to influence or control decisionmaking in government by electing the party’scandidates to public office | political party |
| a system of government in which twoparties compete for power | two-party system |
| a party that challenges the two major parties | third party |
| a series of statements expressing the party’s principles,beliefs, and positions on election issues | platform |
| each individual part of a political party’s platform | plank |
| representatives from the 50 state partyorganizations who run a political party | national committee |
| individual elected by thenational committee who manages the daily operationsof the national party | national party chairperson |
| a representative to a meeting | delegate |
| a meeting of political party members to conductparty business | caucus |
| a geographic area that contains a specific numberof voters | precinct |
| several adjoining precincts making up a largerelection unit | ward |
| a person who runs a county committee,often having a great deal of political power in thecounty | county chairperson |
| a strong party organization that can controlpolitical appointments and deliver vote | political machine |
| a process by which political parties select andoffer candidates for public office | nomination |
| an election in which voters choose candidatesto represent each party in a general election | direct primary |
| an election in which voters need not declaretheir party preference to vote for the party’s nominees | open primary |
| the most votes among all those running for apolitical office | purality |
| second primary election between the twocandidates who received the most votes in the firstprimary election | runoff primary |
| the ideas and attitudes that most peoplehold about elected officials, candidates, government,and political issues | public opinion |
| a mechanism of mass communication, includingtelevision, radio, newspapers, magazines, recordings,movies, and books | mass media |
| a group of people who share a point of viewabout an issue and unite to promote their beliefs | interest group |
| a survey in which individuals are askedto answer questions about a particular issue or person | public opinion poll |
| a specialist whose job is to conduct polls regularly | pollster |
| newspapers, magazines, newsletters, andbooks | print media |
| radio, television, and the Internet | electronic media |
| issues considered most significant bygovernment officials | public agenda |
| the release of secret government information byanonymous government officials to the media | leak |
| government censorship of material before itis published | prior restraint |
| an organization that supports causesthat affect the lives of Americans in general | public interest group |
| the course of action the government takes inresponse to an issue or problem | public policy |
| (PAC) political organizationestablished by a corporation, labor union, or otherspecial interest group designed to support candidatesby contributing money | political action committee |
| representative of an interest group who contactslawmakers or other government officials directly toinfluence their policy making | lobbyist |
| the study of how individuals and nations makechoices about ways to use scarce resources to fulfilltheir needs and wants | economics |
| requirements for survival, such as food, clothing,and shelter | needs |
| things we would like to have, such as entertainment,vacations, and items that make life comfortableand enjoyable | wants |
| not having enough resources to produce all of thethings we would like to have | scarcity |
| simplified representation of the real worldthat economists develop to describe how the economybehaves and is expected to perform in the future | economic model |
| the alternative you face if you decide to do onething rather than another | trade off |
| the cost of the next best alternative use oftime and money when choosing to do one thing ratherthan another | opportunity cost |
| the additional or extra opportunity costassociated with an action | marginal cost |
| the additional or extra benefit associatedwith an action | marginal benefit |
| economic model that compares themarginal costs and marginal benefits of a decision | cost benefit analysis |
| system in which individuals own thefactors of production and make economic decisionsthrough free interaction | market economy |
| a system in which private citizens own most, ifnot all, of the means of production and decide how touse them within legislated limits | capitalism |
| economic system in which individuals andbusinesses are allowed to compete for profit with aminimum of government interference | free enterprise |
| reward offered to try to persuade people to takecertain economic actions | incentive |
| choosing the alternative that has the greatestvalue from among comparable quality products | rational choice |
| tangible products that we use to satisfy our wantsand needs | goods |
| work performed by a person for someone elseservicesresources necessary to producegoods and services | factors of production |
| gifts of nature that make productionpossible | natural resources |
| human effort directed toward producing goods andservices | labor |
| previously manufactured goods used to makeother goods and services | capital |
| individuals who start new businesses,introduce new products, and improve managementtechniques | entreprenuer |
| total dollar value of all finalgoods and services produced in a country during asingle year | Gross Domestic Product |
| the material well being of an individual,group, or nation measured by how well their necessitiesand luxuries are satisfied | standard of living |
| a market where productive resources arebought and sold | factor market |
| a market where producers offer goodsand services for sale | product market |
| the degree to which resources are beingused efficiently to produce goods and services | productivity |
| when people, businesses, regions, and ornations concentrate on goods and services that theycan produce better than anyone else | specialization |
| the breaking down of a job into separate,smaller tasks to be performed individually | division of labor |
| a reliance on others, as they relyon you, to provide goods and services to be consumed | economic interdependence |
| a system in which private citizens own most, ifnot all, of the means of production and decide how touse them within legislated limits | capitalism |
| economic system in which individuals andbusinesses are allowed to compete for profit with aminimum of government interference | free enterprise |
| the role of consumer as the rulerof the market, determining what products will beproduced | consumer soverieignty |
| the freedom to own and use ourown property as we choose as long as we do notinterfere with the rights of others | private property rights |
| the struggle that goes on between buyers andsellers to get the best products at the lowest prices | competition |
| the money a business receives for its products orservices over and above its costs | profit |
| the driving force that encourages individualsand organizations to improve their material well being | profit motive |
| the act of buyers and sellers freely andwillingly engaging in market transactions | voluntary exchange |
| a movement to educate buyers about thepurchases they make and to demand better and saferproducts from manufacturers | consumerism |
| the promise made by a manufacturer or a sellerto repair or replace a product within a certain timeperiod if it is faulty | warranty |
| the responsibility of consumers to respectthe rights of producers and sellers | ethical behavior |
| money income left after all taxes on ithave been paid | disposable income |
| money income left after necessitieshave been bought and paid for | discretionary income |
| to set aside income for a period of time so that itcan be used later | saving |
| the payment people receive when they lend moneyor allow someone else to use their money | interest |
| the desire, willingness, and ability to buy a goodor service | demand |
| table showing quantities demanded atdifferent possible prices | demand schedule |
| downward sloping line that graphicallyshows the quantities demanded at each possible price | demand curve |
| the concept that people are normally willingto buy less of a product if the price is high andmore of it if the price is low | law of demand |
| the total demand of all consumers for aproduct or service | market demand |
| the amount of satisfaction one gets from a good orservice | utility |
| decreasing satisfaction orusefulness as additional units of a product are acquired | diminishing marginal utility |
| a competing product that consumers can use inplace of another | substitute |
| product often used with another product | complement |
| measure of responsiveness relating changein quantity demanded to a change in price | demand elasticity |
| the amount of goods and services that producersare able and willing to sell at various prices during aspecified time period | supply |
| the principle that suppliers will normallyoffer more for sale at higher prices and less at lowerprices | law of supply |
| table showing quantities supplied atdifferent possible prices | supply schedule |
| upward sloping line that graphically showsthe quantities supplied at each possible price | supply curve |
| the money a business receives for its products orservices over and above its costs | profit |
| the total of all the supply schedules of allthe businesses that provide the same good or service | market supply |
| the degree to which resources are beingused efficiently to produce goods and services | productivity |
| the methods or processes used to make goodsand services | technology |
| a government payment to an individual, business,or group in exchange for certain actions | subsidy |
| responsiveness of quantity supplied to achange in price | supply elasticity |
| situation in which quantity supplied is greaterthan quantity demanded; situation in which governmentspends less than it collects in revenues | surplus |
| situation in which quantity demanded is greaterthan quantity supplied | shortage |
| the price at which the amount producersare willing to supply is equal to the amount consumersare willing to buy | equilibrum price |
| goods that, when consumed by one individual,cannot be consumed by another | private goods |
| economic goods that are consumedcollectively, such as highways and national defense | public goods |
| the unintended side effect of an action thataffects someone not involved in the action | externality |
| legislation to prevent new monopolies fromforming and police those that already exist | antitrust law |
| a combination of two or more companies to forma single business | merger |
| a market situation in which the costs ofproduction are minimized by having a single firmproduce the product | natural monopoly |
| a special election in which citizens can vote toremove a public official from office; situation in whicha company pulls a product off the market or agrees tochange it to make it safe | recall |
| GDP after adjustments for inflation | real GDP |
| alternating periods of growth and declinethat the economy goes through | business cycle |
| part of the business cycle in which economicactivity increases | expansion |
| period of prosperity in a business cycle in whicheconomic activity is at its highest point | peak |
| part of the business cycle in which the nation’soutput does not grow for at least six months | recession |
| all civilians 16 years old or older whoare either working or are looking for work | civilian labor fource |
| the percentage of people in the civilianlabor force who are not working but are looking forjobs | unemployment rate |
| the federal government’s use of spending andtaxation policies to affect overall business activity | fiscal policy |
| sustained increase in the general level of prices | inflation |
| measure of the change in price overtime of a specific group of goods and services | consumer price index |
| a programthat provides help for nutrition and health care tolow income women, infants, and children up to age 5 | WIC |
| government coupons that can be used topurchase food | food stamps |
| programs that require welfare recipients toexchange some of their labor in return for benefits | workfare |
| a tax that takes a larger percentageof higher incomes than lower incomes | progressive income tax |
| metallic form of money such as pennies, nickels, anddimes | coin |
| both coins and paper money | currency |
| a financial institution that offers fullbanking services to individuals and businesses | commercial bank |
| financial institutionsthat traditionally loaned money to people buyinghomes | savings and loan association |
| nonprofit service cooperative that acceptsdeposits, makes loans, and provides other financialservices | credit union |
| federal agency that insures individual accounts in financialinstitutions for up to $100,000 | federal deposit insurance corporation |
| an institution that lends money to otherbanks; also, the place where the government does itsbanking business | central bank |
| the most powerfulcommittee of the Fed, because it makes the decisionsthat affect the economy as a whole by manipulating themoney supply | federal open market committee |
| policy that involves changing the rate ofgrowth of the money supply in circulation in order toaffect the cost and availability of credit | monetary policy |
| the interest rate the Fed charges on its loans | discount rate |
| a certain percentage of deposits that banks have toset aside as cash in their own vaults or as deposits intheir Federal Reserve district bank | reserve |
| purchase or sale of U.S. governmentbonds and Treasury bills | open market operations |
| an account in which deposited moneycan be withdrawn at any time by writing a check | checking account |
| an account in which customers receiveinterest based on how much money they havedeposited | savings account |
| timed deposit that states the amountof the deposit, maturity, and rate of interest being paid | certificate of deposit |
| to sell goods to other countries; or a good producedin one country, then sold to another | export |
| a good purchased from one country by another | import |
| the ability of a country to producea good at a lower opportunity cost | comparative advantage |
| a customs duty; a tax on an imported good | tariff |
| a limit on the amount of foreign goods importedinto a country | quota |
| policy of reduced trade barriers | free trade |
| organization of European nations whosegoal is to encourage economic integration into a singlemarket in Europe | european union |
| trade agreement designed to reduce tariff barriers betweenMexico, Canada, and the United States | north american free trade agreement |
| an international body that oversees trade among nations | world trade organization |
| the price of one nation’s currency in termsof another nation’s currency | exchange rate |
| the difference between the value of anation’s exports and its imports | balance of trade |
| situation in which the value of the productsimported by a country exceeds the value of its exports | trade deficit |
| situation in which the value of the productsexported by a country exceeds the value of its imports | trade surplus |
| Gross Domestic Product per person | per capita GDP |
| an economic system in which themajor economic decisions are made by the centralgovernmen | command economy |
| economic system in which government ownssome factors of production and distributes theproducts and wages | socialism |
| economic system in which the centralgovernment directs all major economic decisions | communism |
| system combining characteristics of morethan one type of economy | mixed economy |
| a country whose average per capitaincome is only a fraction of that in more industrializedcountries | developing country |
| an economic system in which thedecisions of what, how, and for whom to produceare based on custom or habit | traditional economy |
| a government in which one leader or groupof people holds absolute power | authoritarian |
| a monarch that has complete andunlimited power to rule his or her people | absolute monarch |
| a ruler who exercises complete control over astate | dictator |
| a system in which government control extendsto almost all aspects of people’s lives | totalitarian |
| the power of the hereditary ruleris limited by the country’s constitution | constitutional monarchy |
| a system of government in whichboth executive and legislative functions reside in anelected assembly | parliamentary system |
| the leader of the executive branch of aparliamentary government | prime minister |
| government that gives all key powers to thenational or central government | unitary system |
| the surrender of powers to local authorities bya central government | devolution |
| a farm in which the land is owned by thegovernment but rented to a family | collective farm |
| fundamental freedoms of individuals | human rights |
| policy of trade restrictions to protectdomestic industries | protectionism |
| rain containing high amounts of chemicalpollutants | acid rain |
| the careful preservation and protection ofnatural resources | conservation |
| involvement in world affairs | internationalism |
| refusal to sign a bill or resolution | veto |
| individuals and nations working across barriersof distance, culture, and technology | globalization |
| firm that does business or has offices inmany countries | multinational |
| court with authority to hear casesabout human rights violations | international tribunal |
| mass murder of a people because of their race,religion, ethnicity, politics, or culture | genocide |
| system of laws that separated racial and ethnicgroups and limited the rights of blacks in South Africa | apartheid |
| measure such as withholding economic aid used to influence a foreign government’s actions | sanctions |
| nation politically and economically dominated or controlled by another, more powerful country | satellite |
| conflict between the US and the soviet union dating from the later 1940's to the late 1980's | Cold War |
| line of rulers from the same family | dynasty |
| system in which individuals own thefactors of production and make economic decisionsthrough free interaction | market economy |
| a program that gives taxcredits and even cash payments to qualified workers | earned income tax credit |
Combine with other sets
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